Aerobiological Engineering Handbook

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Aerobiological Engineering Handbook

Aerobiological Engineering Handbook

Authors: Wladyslaw Kowalski

Published: December 2005

eISBN: 9780071588829 0071588825 | ISBN: 9780071402453

Contents

Preface

Acknowledgments

List of Symbols

Section 1 Background and History

Chapter 1. Airborne Disease and the Indoor Environment

1.1. Introduction

1.2. Airborne Disease Today

1.3. The History of Airborne Disease

1.4. The Future of Disease Control

References

Chapter 2. Airborne Pathogens and Allergens

2.1. Introduction

2.2. Airborne Pathogens and Allergens

2.3. Viruses

2.4. Bacteria

2.5. Fungal Spores

2.6. Protozoa

2.7. Algae

2.8. Pollen

2.9. Dust Mites and Storage Mites

2.10. Cockroach Allergens

2.11. Animal Dander

2.12. Toxins

2.13. Microbial Volatile Organic Compounds

2.14. Potential and Emerging Airborne Pathogens

2.15. Airborne Biological Weapons

2.16. The Airborne Pathogen and Allergen Database

References

Chapter 3. The Pathology of Airborne Disease

3.1. Introduction

3.2. The Human Respiratory System

3.3. Mechanisms of Lung Infection

3.4. Disease Groups

3.5. Airborne Respiratory Infections

3.6. Upper Respiratory Tract Infections

3.7. Middle Respiratory Tract Infections

3.8. Lower Respiratory Tract Infections

3.9. Noninfectious Respiratory Diseases

3.10. Nosocomial and Opportunistic Respiratory Diseases

3.11. Nonrespiratory Airborne Diseases

3.12. Other Diseases

References

Chapter 4. Epidemiology and Dosimetry

4.1. Introduction

4.2. Airborne Disease Statistics

4.3. Routes of Transmission

4.4. The Epidemiology of Airborne Diseases

4.5. Disease Progression Curves

4.6. Dosimetry of Airborne Disease

4.7. Microbial Agent Ingestion Dosimetry

4.8. Toxin Dosimetry

References

Chapter 5. Aerobiology of the Outdoors

5.1. Introduction

5.2. Outdoor Pathogens and Allergens

5.3. Outdoor Pathogenic Disease

5.4. Fungal Allergies and Outdoor Air

5.5. Pollen Allergies in Outdoor Air

5.6. Other Allergies in Outdoor Air

5.7. Asthma and Outdoor Air

5.8. Outdoor Airborne Animal Diseases

5.9. Survival of Microorganisms in the Environment

References

Chapter 6. Aerosol Science and Particle Dynamics

6.1. Introduction

6.2. Size and Shape of Bioaerosols

6.3. Surface Characteristics

6.4. Fractal Dimension

6.5. Aerodynamic Diameter

6.6. Equivalent Diameter

6.7. Microbial Density

6.8. Size Distribution

6.9. Bioaerosol Dynamics

6.10. Settling and Evaporation of Bioaerosols

6.11. Bioaerosol Viability

References

Chapter 7. Microbial Disinfection Fundamentals

7.1. Introduction

7.2. The Classic Exponential Growth Model

7.3. The Classic Exponential Decay Model

7.4. The Classic Two-Stage Decay Model

7.5. The Classic Shoulder Model

7.6. The Multihit Target Model

7.7. Recovery and Photoreactivation

7.8. Specific Disinfection Models

7.9. Sterilization

References

Chapter 8. Buildings and Enclosures

8.1. Introduction

8.2. The Evolution of Human Habitats

8.3. Building Types

8.4. Building Airtightness

8.5. Building Dampness

8.6. Building Materials

References

Section 2 Airborne Disease Control Technologies

Chapter 9. Ventilation Systems and Dilution

9.1. Introduction

9.2. Ventilation System Types

9.3. Biocontamination in Ventilation Systems

9.4. Pressurization Control

9.5. Dilution Ventilation

9.6. The Single-Zone Steady-State Model

9.7. Dilution Modeling with Calculus

9.8. Single-Zone Transient Modeling

9.9. Multizone Modeling

9.10. Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling

References

Chapter 10. Filtration of Airborne Microorganisms

10.1. Introduction

10.2. Filter Performance Curves

10.3. MERV Filter Ratings

10.4. Modeling Filter Performance

10.5. Mathematical Model of Filtration

10.6. The Multifiber Filtration Model

10.7. Fitting the Models to MERV Data

10.8. Microbial Filtration Test Results

10.9. Filter Application Test Results

10.10. Special Filter Types

References

Chapter 11. Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation

11.1. Introduction

11.2. Types of UVGI Systems

11.3. UVGI Disinfection Theory

11.4. UVGI Disinfection Modeling

11.5. Modeling the UV Dose

11.6. UV Lamp Ratings

11.7. The UVGI Rating Value

11.8. UV Irradiance Field Due to Enclosure Reflectivity

11.9. Air Mixing Effects

11.10. Relative Humidity Effects

11.11. Photoreactivation

11.12. Air Temperature Effects

11.13. Performance Optimization

11.14. Cooling Coil Irradiation

11.15. Design Guides

11.16. UVGI Performance in Field Trials

11.17. Combined Performance of UVGI and Filtration

References

Chapter 12. Gas Phase Filtration

12.1. Introduction

12.2. Aerobiological Applications of Gas Phase Filtration

12.3. Types of Gas Phase Filters

12.4. Carbon Adsorption

12.5. Impregnated Carbon

12.6. Effect on Microbiological Particles

12.7. Operation and Maintenance

12.8. Applications

References

Chapter 13. Electrostatic Filtration

13.1. Introduction

13.2. Electrostatic Precipitation

13.3. Electronic Air Cleaners

13.4. Electrostatic Filters

13.5. Electret Filters

13.6. Electrically Enhanced Filtration

13.7. Corona Wind Air Cleaners

13.8. Aerobiological Performance of ESPs

13.9. Economics of Electrostatic Filters

References

Chapter 14. Photocatalytic Oxidation

14.1. Introduction

14.2. PCO Theory and Operation

14.3. Air Disinfection

14.4. Destruction of MVOCs

14.5. Surface Disinfection

14.6. PCO Applications

References

Chapter 15. Pulsed Light

15.1. Introduction

15.2. Pulsed White Light and Pulsed UV

15.3. Filtered Pulsed Light

15.4. Pulsed Electric Fields

15.5. Pulsed Lasers

References

Chapter 16. Ionization

16.1. Introduction

16.2. Ionization Theory

16.3. Ionization Equipment

16.4. Ionization of Airborne Microbes

16.5. Ionization of MVOCs

References

Chapter 17. Ozone

17.1. Introduction

17.2. Ozone Chemistry

17.3. Airborne Ozone Disinfection

17.4. Ozone for Surface Sterilization

17.5. Ozone Removal

17.6. Ozone Health Hazards

17.7. Ozone System Performance

References

Chapter 18. Green Technologies

18.1. Introduction

18.2. Passive Solar Exposure

18.3. Vegetation Air Cleaning and Biofiltration

18.4. Material Selectivity

18.5. Hygienic Protocols

18.6. Aerobiologically Green Buildings

References

Chapter 19. Thermal Disinfection, Cryogenics, and Desiccation

19.1. Introduction

19.2. Thermal Disinfection

19.3. Cryogenics

19.4. Desiccation and Dehumidification

19.5. Thermal Cycling

References

Chapter 20. Antimicrobial Coatings

20.1. Introduction

20.2. Performance of Materials

20.3. Health Care and Pharmaceutical Applications

20.4. Food Industry Applications

20.5. Residential and Commercial Building Applications

References

Chapter 21. Microwaves

21.1. Introduction

21.2. Microwave Thermal Disinfection

21.3. Microwave Athermal Disinfection

References

Chapter 22. Alternative and Developmental Technologies

22.1. Introduction

22.2. Ionizing Radiation

22.3. Ultrasonication

22.4. Plasma Technology

22.5. Corona Discharge

22.6. Chemical Disinfection

22.7. Free Radicals

References

Section 3 Testing and Remediation

Chapter 23. Air and Surface Sampling

23.1. Introduction

23.2. Air and Surface Microflora

23.3. Growing Microbial Cultures

23.4. Surface Sampling

23.5. Air Sampling

23.6. Sampling Procedures

23.7. Sampling Applications

References

Chapter 24. Biodetection and Monitoring

24.1. Introduction

24.2. Particle Detectors

24.3. Mass Spectrometry

24.4. LIDAR

24.5. Polymerase Chain Reaction

24.6. Biosensors

References

Chapter 25. Indoor Limits and Guidelines

25.1. Introduction

25.2. Indoor Bioaerosol Levels

25.3. Indoor/Outdoor Ratios

25.4. Indoor Limits

References

Chapter 26. Remediation

26.1. Introduction

26.2. Air Cleaning

26.3. Surface Cleaning

26.4. Removal of Building Materials

26.5. Whole Building Decontamination

26.6. Time and Weathering

26.7. Mold Remediation Procedures

26.8. Chemical Decontamination Procedures

References

Chapter 27. Testing and Commissioning

27.1. Introduction

27.2. Ventilation System Testing

27.3. Building Leak and Pressure Testing

27.4. In-Place Filter Testing

27.5. In-Place UVGI System Testing

27.6. In-Place Testing of Surface Disinfection Systems

27.7. In-Place Carbon Adsorber Testing

27.8. Ventilation System Retrofit Testing

27.9. Commissioning

27.10. Building Protection Factor

References

Section 4 Applications

Chapter 28. Commercial Office Buildings

28.1. Introduction

28.2. Office Building Ventilation

28.3. Office Building Epidemiology

28.4. Office Building Aerobiology

28.5. Standards and Guidelines

28.6. Aerobiological Solutions

References

Chapter 29. Educational Facilities

29.1. Introduction

29.2. Educational Buildings

29.3. School Building Ventilation Systems

29.4. School Building Epidemiology

29.5. School Building Aerobiology

29.6. School Building Solutions

References

Chapter 30. Residential Housing

30.1. Introduction

30.2. Residential Homes

30.3. Apartment Buildings

30.4. Hotels and Dormitories

30.5. Solutions for Homes and Apartments

30.6. Solutions for Hotels

30.7. Homes for the Immunocompromised

References

Chapter 31. Health Care Facilities

31.1. Introduction

31.2. Guidelines, Codes, and Standards

31.3. Isolation Rooms

31.4. Airborne Nosocomial Epidemiology

31.5. Nosocomial Aerobiology

31.6. Nosocomial Control Options

References

Chapter 32. Biological and Animal Laboratories

32.1. Introduction

32.2. Laboratory Guidelines

32.3. Biological Laboratory Pathogens

32.4. Animal Laboratory Pathogens

32.5. Animal Laboratory Epidemiology

32.6. Laboratory Air Cleaning

32.7. Animal Laboratory Problems and Solutions

References

Chapter 33. Food Industry Facilities

33.1. Introduction

33.2. Food Industry Codes and Standards

33.3. Foodborne Pathogens and Allergens

33.4. Food Industry Epidemiology

33.5. Food Plant Aerobiology

33.6. Food Plant Solutions

References

Chapter 34. Agricultural and Animal Facilities

34.1. Introduction

34.2. Agricultural Pathogens and Allergens

34.3. Agricultural Epidemiology

34.4. Agricultural Aerobiology

34.5. Ventilation and Solutions

References

Chapter 35. Libraries and Museums

35.1. Introduction

35.2. Libraries

35.3. Museums

References

Chapter 36. Places of Assembly

36.1. Introduction

36.2. Ventilation Systems

36.3. Epidemiology

36.4. Aerobiology

References

Chapter 37. Aircraft and Transportation

37.1. Introduction

37.2. Aircraft

37.3. Spacecraft

37.4. Ships

37.5. Submarines

37.6. Cars, Buses, and Trains

References

Chapter 38. Industrial Facilities

38.1. Introduction

38.2. Occupational Airborne Diseases

38.3. Wood and Paper Industries

38.4. Textile, Leather, and Fur Industries

38.5. Metal Industries

38.6. Biotechnology Industries

38.7. Chemical and Mineral Industries

38.8. Occupational Legionnaires’ Disease

38.9. Other Industries and Hazards

38.10. Industrial Solutions

References

Chapter 39. Sewage and Waste Processing

39.1. Introduction

39.2. Sewage and Waste Aerobiology

39.3. Sewage and Waste Epidemiology

39.4. Air Treatment Solutions

References

Appendix A: Airborne Pathogens and Allergens

Appendix B: Toxins and Associated Fungal Species

Appendix C: Microbial Volatile Organic Compounds

Appendix D: Surface Sampling Test Results Evaluation Form

Appendix E: Settle Plate Test Results Evaluation Form

Appendix F: Air Sampling Test Results Evaluation Form

Glossary

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

L

M

N

O

P

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Z

Index