Biofluid Mechanics in Cardiovascular Systems

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Biofluid Mechanics in Cardiovascular Systems

Biofluid Mechanics in Cardiovascular Systems

Authors: Lee Waite

Published: November 2005

eISBN: 9780071588942 0071588949 | ISBN: 9780071447881

Contents

Preface

Acknowledgments

Chapter 1. Review of Basic Fluid Mechanics Concepts

1.1 A Brief History of Biomedical Fluid Mechanics

1.2 Fluid Characteristics and Viscosity

1.2.1 Displacement

1.2.2 Shear stress

1.3 Fundamental Method for Measuring Viscosity

1.4 Introduction to Pipe Flow

1.4.1 Reynolds number

1.4.2 Poiseuille's law

1.4.3 Flow rate

1.5 Bernoulli Equation

1.6 Conservation of Mass

1.6.1 Venturi meter example

1.7 Example Problem: Fluid Statics

1.7.1 Example problem: fluid statics

1.8 The Wormersley Number,α, a Frequency Parameter for Pulsatile Flow

Chapter 2. Cardiovascular Structure and Function

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Clinical Features

2.3 Functional Anatomy

2.4 The Heart as a Pump

2.5 Cardiac Muscle

2.5.1 Biopotential in myocardium

2.5.2 Excitability

2.5.3 Automaticity

2.6 Heart Valves

2.6.1 Clinical features

2.7 Cardiac Cycle

2.8 Heart Sounds

2.8.1 Clinical features

2.9 Factors Influencing Flow and Pressure

2.10 Coronary Circulation

2.10.1 Control of the coronary circulation

2.10.2 Clinical features

2.11 Microcirculation

2.11.1 Capillary structure

2.11.2 Capillary wall structure

Chapter 3. Pulmonary Anatomy, Pulmonary Physiology, and Respiration

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Clinical Features

3.3 Alveolar Ventilation

3.3.1 Tidal volume

3.3.2 Residual volume

3.3.3 Expiratory reserve volume

3.3.4 Inspiratory reserve volume

3.3.5 Functional residual capacity

3.3.6 Inspiratory capacity

3.3.7 Total lung capacity

3.3.8 Vital capacity

3.4 Ventilation—Perfusion Relationships

3.5 Mechanics of Breathing

3.5.1 Muscles of inspiration

3.5.2 Muscles of expiration

3.5.3 Compliance of the lung and chest wall

3.6 Work of Breathing

3.7 Airway Resistance

3.8 Gas Exchange and Transport

3.8.1 Diffusion

3.8.2 Diffusing capacity

3.8.3 Resistance to diffusion

3.8.4 Oxygen dissociation curve

3.9 Pulmonary Pathophysiology

3.9.1 Bronchitis

3.9.2 Emphysema

3.9.3 Asthma

3.9.4 Pulmonary fibrosis

3.9.5 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

3.9.6 Heart disease

3.9.7 Comparison of pulmonary pathologies

3.10 Respiration in Extreme Environments

3.10.1 Barometric pressure

3.10.2 Partial pressure of oxygen

3.10.3 Hyperventilation

3.10.4 Alkalosis

3.10.5 Acute mountain sickness (AMS)

3.10.6 High-altitude pulmonary edema

3.10.7 High-altitude cerebral edema

3.10.8 Acclimatization

3.10.9 Drugs stimulating red blood cell production

Chapter 4. Hematology and Blood Rheology

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Elements of Blood

4.3 Blood Characteristics

4.4 Erythrocytes

4.4.1 Hemoglobin

4.4.2 Clinical Features

4.4.3 Erythrocyte indices

4.4.4 Abnormalities of the blood

4.5 Leukocytes

4.5.1 Neutrophils

4.5.2 Lymphocytes

4.5.3 Monocytes

4.5.4 Eosinophils

4.5.5 Basophils

4.5.6 Leukemia

4.5.7 Thrombocytes

4.6 Blood Types

4.6.1 Rh blood groups

4.6.2 M and N blood group system

4.7 Plasma

4.7.1 Plasma viscosity

4.7.2 Electrolyte composition of plasma

4.8 Blood pH

4.9 Clinical Features

Chapter 5. Anatomy and Physiology of Blood Vessels

5.1 Introduction

5.2 General Structure of Arteries

5.2.1 Tunica intima

5.2.2 Tunica media

5.2.3 Tunica externa

5.3 Types of Arteries

5.3.1 Elastic arteries

5.3.2 Muscular arteries

5.3.3 Arterioles

5.4 Mechanics of Arterial Walls

5.5 Compliance

5.6 Pressure-Strain Modulus

5.7 Vascular Pathologies

5.7.1 Atherosclerosis

5.7.2 Stenosis

5.7.3 Aneurysm

5.7.4 Thrombosis

5.7.5 Clinical aspects

5.8 Stents

5.9 Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting

5.9.1 Arterial grafts

Chapter 6. Mechanics of Heart Valves

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Aortic and Pulmonic Valves

6.3 Mitral and Tricuspid Valves

6.4 Clinical Features

6.5 Prosthetic Mechanical Valves

6.5.1 Case study–the Björk-Shiley convexo-concave heart valve

6.6 Prosthetic Tissue Valves

Chapter 7. Pulsatile Flow in Large Arteries

7.1 Fluid Kinematics

7.2 Continuity

7.3 Complex Numbers

7.4 Fourier Series Representation

7.5 Navier-Stokes Equations

7.6 Pulsatile Flow in Rigid Tubes: Wormersley Solution

7.7 Pulsatile Flow in Rigid Tubes: Fry Solution

7.8 Instability in Pulsatile Flow

Chapter 8. Flow and Pressure Measurement

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Indirect Pressure Measurements

8.3 Direct Pressure Measurement

8.3.1 Intravascular: strain gauge–tipped pressure transducer

8.3.2 Extravascular: catheter-transducer measuring system

8.3.3 Electrical analog of the catheter measuring system

8.3.4 Characteristics for an extravascular pressure measuring system

8.3.5 Case 1—the undamped catheter measurement system

8.3.6 Case 2—the undriven, damped catheter measurement system

8.3.7 Pop test—measurement of transient step response

8.4 Flow Measurement

8.4.1 Indicator dilution method

8.4.2 Fick technique for measuring cardiac output

8.4.3 Fick technique example

8.4.4 Rapid injection indicator-dilution method—dye dilution technique

8.4.5 Thermodilution

8.4.6 Electromagnetic flowmeters

8.4.7 Continuous wave ultrasonic flowmeters

8.4.8 Continuous wave Doppler ultrasound example

8.5 Summary and Clinical Applications

Chapter 9. Modeling

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Theory of Models

9.2.1 Dimensional analysis and the Buckingham Pi theorem

9.2.2 Synthesizing Pi terms

9.3 Geometric Similarity

9.4 Dynamic Similarity

9.5 Kinematic Similarity

9.6 Common Dimensionless Parameters in Fluid Mechanics

9.7 Modeling Example 1—Does the Flea Model the Man?

9.8 Modeling Example 2

9.9 Modeling Example 3

Chapter 10. Lumped Parameter Mathematical Models

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Electrical Analog Model of Flow in a Tube

10.2.1 Nodes and the equations at each node

10.2.2 Terminal load

10.2.3 Summary of the lumped parameter electrical analog model

10.3 Modeling of Flow through the Mitral Valve

10.3.1 Model description

10.3.2 Active ventricular relaxation

10.3.3 Meaning of convective resistance

10.3.4 Variable area mitral valve model description

10.3.5 Variable area mitral valve model parameters

10.3.6 Solving the system of differential equations

10.3.7 Model trials

10.3.8 Results

10.4 Summary

Index