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CITATION

Water Environment Federation. Biological Nutrient Removal (BNR) Operation in Wastewater Treatment Plants. US: McGraw-Hill Professional, 2005.

Biological Nutrient Removal (BNR) Operation in Wastewater Treatment Plants

Authors: Water Environment Federation

Published:  October 2005

eISBN: 9780071589215 007158921X | ISBN: 9780071464154
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  • Contents
  • Preface
  • Chapter 1 Introduction
  • Chapter 2 Overall Process Considerations
  • Introduction
  • Nutrient Sources
  • Sources of Nitrogen
  • Source of Phosphorus
  • Effects of Nutrients on Receiving Waters
  • Eutrophication
  • Ammonia Toxicity
  • Nitrate in Groundwater
  • Wastewater Characteristics
  • Carbonaceous Materials
  • Nitrogen
  • Phosphorus
  • Solids
  • Temperature
  • pH
  • Alkalinity
  • Variations in Flows and Loads
  • Effect of Recycle Flows
  • Review of Recycle Flows
  • Management of Return Flows
  • Effect of Effluent Permit Requirements
  • Technology-Based Permits
  • Water-Quality-Based Permit
  • References
  • Chapter 3 Nitrification and Denitrification
  • Introduction
  • Wastewater Characteristics
  • Assimilation
  • Hydrolysis and Ammonification
  • Nitrifier Growth Rate
  • Nitrification
  • Process Fundamentals
  • Stoichiometry
  • Nitrification Kinetics
  • Suspended-Growth Systems
  • Attached Growth Systems
  • Coupled Systems
  • Denitrification
  • Process Fundamentals
  • Stoichiometry
  • Denitrification Kinetics—Biomass Growth and Nitrate Use
  • Example 3.2—Single Sludge Suspended-Growth Postdenitrification
  • Carbon Augmentation
  • Separate-Stage Denitrification
  • Combined Nitrification and Denitrification Systems
  • Basic Considerations
  • Suspended-Growth Systems
  • Hybrid Systems
  • Introduction
  • Integrated Fixed-Film Activated Sludge
  • Membrane Bioreactor
  • Secondary Clarification
  • Suspended Growth
  • Attached Growth
  • References
  • Chapter 4 Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal
  • Introduction and Basic Theory of Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal
  • Basic Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal Theory
  • Basic Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal Design Principles
  • Operational Parameters
  • Influent Composition and Chemical-Oxygen-Demand-to-Phosphorus Ratio
  • Solids Retention Time and Hydraulic Retention Time
  • Temperature
  • Recycle Flows
  • Types of Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal Systems
  • Suspended-Growth Systems
  • Hybrid Systems
  • Process Control Methodologies
  • Influent Carbon Augmentation
  • Solids Separation and Sludge Processing
  • Chemical Polishing and Effluent Filtration
  • Case Studies
  • The Lethbridge Wastewater Treatment Plant, Alberta, Canada
  • Durham, Tigard, Oregon, Clean Water Services
  • Unique New Designs
  • References
  • Chapter 5 Combined Nutrient Removal Systems
  • Combined Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal Processes
  • Flow Sheets for Combined Nutrient Removal
  • The Five-Stage Bardenpho Process
  • Phoredox (A[sup(2)]/O) Process
  • The University of Cape Town and Virginia Initiative Processes
  • Modified University of Cape Town Process
  • Johannesburg and Modified Johannesburg Processes
  • Westbank Process
  • The Orange Water and Sewer Authority Process
  • Phosphorus Removal Combined with Channel-Type Systems
  • Cyclical Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal Systems
  • General Remarks about the Various Process Configurations
  • Interaction of Nitrates and Phosphorus in Biological Nutrient Removal Plants
  • Process Control Methodologies
  • Effect of Oxygen
  • Temperature Effects
  • pH Effects
  • Sufficient Dissolved Oxygen in the Aeration Zone
  • Chemical Oxygen Demand to Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen Ratio
  • Selection of Aeration Device
  • Clarifier Selection
  • Effect of Chemical Phosphorus Removal on Biological Nutrient Removal Systems
  • Primary Clarifiers
  • Secondary Clarifiers
  • Tertiary Filters
  • Process Selection for Combined Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal
  • Effluent Requirements
  • Phosphate Removal but No Nitrification
  • Phosphate Removal with Nitrification but No Denitrification
  • Phosphate Removal with Nitrification Only in Summer
  • High-Percentage Nitrogen and Phosphate Removal
  • Benefits from Converting to Biological-Nutrient-Removal-Type Operation
  • Reliable Operation
  • Restoring Alkalinity
  • Improving the Alpha Factor
  • Improving Sludge Settleability
  • Troubleshooting Biological Nutrient Removal Plants
  • Plant not Designed for Nitrification but Nitrification in Summer Causes Problems
  • Plant Designed for Nitrification but No Denitrification
  • Plant Designed for Nitrification and Denitrification
  • Plant Designed for Phosphorus Removal Only
  • Plant Designed for Ammonia and Phosphorus Removal
  • Retrofitting Plants for Nutrient Removal
  • Return Activated Sludge and Internal Recycle Rates
  • Minimizing the Adverse Effect of Storm Flows
  • Foam Control
  • Waste Sludge and Return Stream Management
  • Summary
  • Case Studies
  • City of Bowie Wastewater Treatment Plant (Bowie, Maryland)
  • Potsdam Wastewater Treatment Plant (Germany)
  • Goldsboro Water Reclamation Facility, North Carolina
  • South Cary Water Reclamation Facility, North Carolina
  • North Cary Water Reclamation Facility, North Carolina
  • Wilson Hominy Creek Wastewater Management Facility, North Carolina
  • Greenville Utilities Commission Wastewater Treatment Plant, North Carolina
  • Virginia Initiative Plant, Norfolk
  • References
  • Chapter 6 Models for Nutrient Removal
  • Introduction
  • History and Development of Models for Biological Nutrient Removal
  • Description of Models
  • Mechanistic Models
  • Simulators
  • Use of Simulators for Plant Operation
  • Ease of Use
  • Developing Data for Model Input
  • Using Simulators to Troubleshoot
  • Reference
  • Chapter 7 Sludge Bulking and Foaming
  • Introduction
  • Microscopic Examination
  • Filamentous Bulking
  • Process Control for Filamentous Bulking Problems
  • Dissolved Oxygen
  • Nutrient Balance
  • pH
  • Chemical Addition
  • Troubleshooting Sludge Bulking Problems
  • Foaming Problems and Solutions
  • Conclusion
  • References
  • Chapter 8 Chemical Addition and Chemical Feed Control
  • Introduction
  • Carbon Supplementation for Denitrification
  • Methanol Addition
  • Alternate Carbon Sources for Denitrification
  • Case Studies
  • Volatile Fatty Acid Supplementation for Biological Phosphorus Removal
  • Acetic Acid
  • Alternate Chemical Volatile Fatty Acid Sources
  • Case Study: McDowell Creek Wastewater Treatment Plant, Charlotte, North Carolina
  • Alkalinity Supplementation
  • Alkalinity
  • Alkalinity Supplementation
  • Alkalinity Considerations
  • Practical Examples
  • Phosphorus Precipitation
  • Iron Compound Chemical Addition
  • Aluminum Compound Chemical Addition
  • Lime Addition
  • Other Options for Chemical Precipitation of Phosphorus
  • Chemical Feed Control
  • Case Study: Northwest Cobb Water Reclamation Facility, Cobb County, Georgia
  • Chemical Feed System Design and Operational Considerations
  • References
  • Chapter 9 Sludge Fermentation
  • Overview of Fermentation Processes
  • Function and Relationship to Biological Nutrient Removal Process
  • Primary Sludge Fermentation
  • Return Activated Sludge Fermentation
  • Primary Sludge Fermenter Configurations
  • Activated Primary Sedimentation Tanks
  • Complete-Mix Fermenter
  • Single-Stage Static Fermenter
  • Two-Stage Complete-Mix/Thickener Fermenter
  • Unified Fermentation and Thickening Process
  • Primary Sludge Fermentation Equipment Considerations
  • Sludge Collector Drives
  • Primary Sludge Pumping
  • Fermentate Pumping
  • Mixers
  • Scum Removal
  • Odor Control and Covers
  • Corrosion and Protective Coatings
  • Instrumentation
  • Return Activated Sludge Fermentation
  • Configuration
  • Equipment
  • Control Parameters
  • Case Studies
  • Kelowna Wastewater Treatment Plant, Canada
  • Kalispell, Montana
  • South Cary Water Reclamation Facility, North Carolina
  • References
  • Chapter 10 Solids Handling and Processing
  • Introduction
  • Issues and Concerns
  • Influent Load Variations
  • Influent Amenability to Biological Nutrient Removal
  • Mean Cell Residence Time
  • Struvite Formation
  • Sludge Production
  • Nutrient Release
  • Release Mechanisms
  • Sources of Secondary Release
  • Estimating Recycle Loads
  • Eliminating or Minimizing Recycle Loads
  • Sidestream Management and Treatment
  • Sidestream Management Alternatives
  • Recycle Equalization and Semitreatment
  • Sidestream Treatment
  • Combination Sidestream Treatment and Biological Nutrient Removal Process—Return Activated Sludge Reaeration
  • Formation of Struvite and Other Precipitates
  • Struvite Chemistry
  • Biological Nutrient Removal and Struvite
  • Areas Most Susceptible to Struvite Formation
  • Struvite Control Alternatives
  • Case Studies
  • Conclusion
  • References
  • Chapter 11 Laboratory Analyses
  • Nitrogen
  • Types
  • Sampling and Storage
  • Analyses Methods
  • Phosphorus
  • Types
  • Sampling and Storage
  • Analyses Methods
  • Short-Chain Volatile Fatty Acid Analysis
  • Analytical Methods for Short-Chain Volatile Fatty Acid Measurement
  • References
  • Chapter 12 Optimization and Troubleshooting Techniques
  • Process Evaluation
  • Sampling and Testing
  • Sampling Locations and Techniques
  • Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids, Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids, Return Activated Sludge, and Waste Activated Sludge
  • Settleability and Sludge Volume Index
  • pH
  • Alkalinity
  • Temperature
  • Dissolved Oxygen
  • Oxidation–Reduction Potential
  • Ammonia and Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen
  • Nitrite-Nitrogen
  • Nitrate-Nitrogen
  • Total Phosphorus
  • Orthophosphorus
  • Chemical Oxygen Demand
  • Volatile Fatty Acids
  • Soluble Biochemical Oxygen Demand
  • Nitrification Test
  • Denitrification Test
  • Biological Phosphorus Removal Potential Test
  • Microbiological Activity
  • Data Analysis and Interpretation
  • Nitrification
  • Denitrification
  • Biological Phosphorus Removal
  • Optimization and Troubleshooting Guides
  • Overview
  • Optimization and Troubleshooting Guide Format
  • Optimization and Troubleshooting Guides
  • Case Studies
  • Wolf Treatment Plant, Shawano, Wisconsin
  • City of Stevens Point, Wisconsin
  • City of Dodgeville, Wisconsin
  • Eastern Water Reclamation Facility, Orange County, Florida
  • Wastewater Treatment Plant, Stamford, Connecticut
  • References
  • Chapter 13 Instrumentation and Automated Process Control
  • Introduction
  • Online Analyzers
  • General Considerations
  • Specific Analyzers
  • Basic Instruments
  • Advanced Instruments
  • Process Parameters for Optimization and Automatic Control
  • General Considerations
  • Selecting Optimum Set Points
  • Basic Automatic Control
  • Advanced Control
  • Ammonia Control
  • Control of Denitrification
  • Respirometry
  • Intermittent Aeration
  • Sequencing Batch Reactors
  • COST Model for Control Strategy Development
  • Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition System Requirements
  • General Considerations
  • Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition Functions
  • Comprehensive Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition System Summary
  • References
  • Glossary
  • A
  • B
  • C
  • D
  • E
  • F
  • G
  • H
  • I
  • J
  • K
  • L
  • M
  • N
  • O
  • P
  • Q
  • R
  • S
  • T
  • U
  • V
  • W
  • Index