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Designing and Building Fuel Cells
CITATION
Spiegel, Colleen
.
Designing and Building Fuel Cells
.
US
: McGraw-Hill Professional, 2007.
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Designing and Building Fuel Cells
Authors:
Colleen Spiegel
Published:
May 2007
eISBN:
9780071510639 007151063X
|
ISBN:
9780071489775
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Book Description
Table of Contents
Contents
Foreword
Chapter 1. An Introduction to Fuel Cells
1.1 What Is a Fuel Cell?
1.1.1 Comparison with batteries
1.1.2 Comparison with heat engine
1.2 Why Do We Need Fuel Cells?
1.2.1 Portable sector
1.2.2 Transportation sector
1.2.3 Stationary sector
1.3 History of Fuel Cells
1.3.1 PEM fuel cells
1.3.2 Solid oxide fuel cells
1.3.3 Molten carbonate fuel cells
1.3.4 Phosphoric acid fuel cells
1.3.5 Alkali fuel cells
1.4 How Do Fuel Cells Work?
Chapter Summary
Problems
Bibliography
Chapter 2. Fuel Cells and the Hydrogen Economy
2.1 Characteristics of Hydrogen
2.1.1 Safety aspects of hydrogen as a fuel
2.2 World Energy Demand
2.3 Development of the Hydrogen Economy
2.4 Hydrogen Production, Distribution, and Storage
2.4.1 Technologies for hydrogen production
2.4.2 Technologies for hydrogen storage
2.4.3 Worldwide hydrogen refueling stations
2.5 Investment of Hydrogen Infrastructure
2.5.1 Government support
2.5.2 Long-term projections of hydrogen use
2.5.3 Key players in hydrogen R&D
Chapter Summary
Problems
Bibliography
Chapter 3. Fuel Cell Types
3.1 Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs)
3.2 Alkaline Fuel Cells (AFCs)
3.3 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells (PAFCs)
3.4 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs)
3.5 Molten-Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFCs)
3.6 Direct Methanol Fuel Cells (DMFCs)
3.7 Zinc Air Fuel Cells (ZAFCs)
3.8 Protonic Ceramic Fuel Cells (PCFCs)
3.9 Biological Fuel Cells (BFCs)
Chapter Summary
Problems
Bibliography
Chapter 4. Fuel Cell Applications
4.1 Portable Power
4.2 Backup Power
4.2.1 Basic electrolyzer calculations
4.3 Transportation Applications
4.3.1 Automobiles
4.3.2 Buses
4.3.3 Utility vehicles
4.3.4 Scooters and bicycles
4.4 Stationary Power Applications
Chapter Summary
Problems
Bibliography
Chapter 5. Basic Fuel Cell Thermodynamics
5.1 Basic Thermodynamic Concepts
5.2 Fuel Cell Reversible and Net Output Voltage
5.3 Theoretical Fuel Cell Efficiency
5.3.1 Energy efficiency
5.4 Fuel Cell Temperature
5.5 Fuel Cell Pressure
Chapter Summary
Problems
Bibliography
Chapter 6. Fuel Cell Electrochemistry
6.1 Electrode Kinetics
6.2 Voltage Losses
6.3 Internal Currents and Crossover Currents
6.4 Improving Kinetic Performance
Chapter Summary
Problems
Bibliography
Chapter 7. Fuel Cell Charge Transport
7.1 Voltage Loss Due to Charge Transport
7.2 Microscopic Conductivity in Metals
7.3 Ionic Conductivity in Aqueous Electrolytes
7.4 Ionic Conductivity of Polymer Electrolytes
7.5 Ionic Conduction in Ceramic Electrolytes
Chapter Summary
Problems
Bibliography
Chapter 8. Fuel Cell Mass Transport
8.1 Convective Mass Transport from Flow Channels to Electrode
8.2 Diffusive Mass Transport in Fuel Cell Electrodes
8.3 Convective Mass Transport in Flow Structures
8.3.1 Mass transport in flow channels
8.3.2 Pressure drop in flow channels
Chapter Summary
Problems
Bibliography
Chapter 9. Heat Transfer
9.1 Fuel Cell Energy Balance
9.1.1 General energy balance procedure
9.1.2 Energy balance of fuel cell stack
9.1.3 General energy balance for fuel cell
9.1.4 Energy balance for fuel cell components and gases
9.2 Heat Generation and Flux in Fuel Cell Layers
9.3 Heat Conduction
9.4 Heat Dissipation Through Natural Convection and Radiation
9.5 Fuel Cell Heat Management
9.5.1 Heat exchanger model
9.5.2 Air cooling
9.5.3 Edge cooling
Chapter Summary
Problems
Bibliography
Chapter 10. Fuel Cell Modeling
10.1 Conservation of Mass
10.2 Conservation of Momentum
10.3 Conservation of Energy
10.4 Conservation of Species
10.5 Conservation of Charge
10.6 The Electrodes
10.6.1 Mass transport
10.6.2 Electrochemical behavior
10.6.3 Ion/electron transport
10.6.4 Heat transport in the electrodes
10.7 The Electrolyte
Chapter Summary
Problems
Bibliography
Chapter 11. Fuel Cell Materials
11.1 Electrolyte Layer
11.1.1 PEMFCs and DMFCs
11.1.2 PAFCs
11.1.3 AFCs
11.1.4 MCFCs
11.1.5 SOFCs
11.2 Fuel Cell Electrode Layers
11.2.1 PEMFC, DMFC, and PAFC catalysts
11.2.2 PEMFC, DMFC, and PAFC gas diffusion layers
11.2.3 AFC electrodes
11.2.4 MCFC electrodes
11.2.5 SOFC electrodes
11.3 Low-Temperature Fuel Cell Processing Techniques
11.4 SOFC manufacturing method
11.5 Method for Building a Fuel Cell
11.5.1 Preparing the polymer electrolyte membrane
11.5.2 Catalyst/electrode layer material
11.5.3 Hot-pressing the MEA
Chapter Summary
Problems
Bibliography
Chapter 12. Fuel Cell Stack Components and Materials
12.1 Bipolar Plates
12.1.1 Bipolar plate materials for low and medium temperature fuel cells
12.1.2 Coated metallic plates
12.1.3 Composite plates
12.2 Flow-Field Design
12.3 Materials for SOFCs
12.4 Materials for MCFCs
12.5 PAFC Materials and Design
12.6 Channel Shape, Dimensions, and Spacing
12.7 Bipolar Plate Manufacturing
12.7.1 Nonporous graphite plate fabrication
12.7.2 Coated metallic plate fabrication
12.7.3 Composite plate fabrication
12.8 Gaskets and Spacers
12.8.1 PEMFCs/DMFCs/AFCs
12.8.2 SOFC Seals
12.9 End Plates
12.10 Constructing the Fuel Cell Bipolar Plates, Gaskets, End Plates, and Current Collectors
12.10.1 Bipolar plate design
12.10.2 Gasket selection
12.10.3 End plates
12.10.4 Current collectors
Chapter Summary
Problems
Bibliography
Chapter 13. Fuel Cell Stack Design
13.1 Fuel Cell Stack Sizing
13.2 Number of Cells
13.3 Stack Configuration
13.4 Distribution of Fuel and Oxidants to the Cells
13.5 Cell Interconnection
13.5.1 SOFCs
13.5.2 AFCs
13.6 Stack Clamping
13.7 Water Management for PEMFCs
13.7.1 Water management methods
13.8 Putting the fuel cell stack together
Chapter Summary
Problems
Bibliography
Chapter 14. Fuel Cell System Design
14.1 Fuel Subsystem
14.1.1 Humidification systems
14.1.2 Fans and Blowers
14.1.3 Compressors
14.1.4 Turbines
14.1.5 Fuel cell pumps
14.2 Electrical Subsystem
14.2.1 Power diodes
14.2.2 Switching devices
14.2.3 Switching regulators
14.2.4 Inverters
14.2.5 Supercapacitors
14.2.6 Power electronics for cellular phones
14.2.7 DC-DC converters for automotive applications
14.2.8 Multilevel converters for larger applications
14.3 Fuel Cell Hybrid Power Systems
14.4 System Efficiency
Chapter Summary
Problems
Bibliography
Chapter 15. Fuel Types, Delivery, and Processing
15.1 Hydrogen
15.1.1 Gas
15.1.2 Liquid
15.1.3 Carbon nanofibers
15.2 Other Common Fuel Types
15.2.1 Methanol
15.2.2 Ethanol
15.2.3 Metal hydrides
15.2.4 Chemical hydrides
15.2.5 Ammonia
15.2.6 Natural gas
15.2.7 Propane
15.2.8 Gasoline and other petroleumbased fuels
15.2.9 Bio-fuels
15.3 Fuel Processing
15.3.1 Desulfurization
15.3.2 Steam reforming
15.3.3 Carbon formation
15.3.4 Internal reforming
15.3.5 Direct hydrocarbon oxidation
15.3.6 Partial oxidation
15.3.7 Pyrolysis
15.3.8 Methanol reforming
15.4 Bioproduction of Hydrogen
15.4.1 Photosynthesis
15.4.2 Digestion processes
15.5 Electrolyzers
15.5.1 Electrolyzer efficiency
15.5.2 High pressure in electrolyzers
Chapter Summary
Problems
Bibliography
Chapter 16. Fuel Cell Operating Conditions
16.1 Operating Pressure
16.2 Operating Temperature
16.3 Flow Rates of Reactants
16.4 Humidity of Reactants
16.5 Fuel Cell Mass Balance
Chapter Summary
Problems
Bibliography
Chapter 17. Fuel Cell Characterization
17.1 Fuel Cell Testing Setup
17.2 Verification of the Assembly
17.3 Fuel Cell Conditioning
17.4 Baseline Test Conditions and Operating Parameters
17.4.1 Temperature
17.4.2 Pressure
17.4.3 Flow rate
17.4.4 Compression force
17.5 Polarization Curves
17.6 Fuel Cell Resistance
17.6.1 Current interrupt
17.6.2 The AC resistance method
17.6.3 The high-frequency resistance (HFR) method
17.6.4 Electrochemical (EIS) impedance spectroscopy
17.6.5 Stoichiometry (utilization) sweeps
17.6.6 Limiting current
17.6.7 Cyclic voltammetry
17.7 Current Density Mapping
17.8 Neutron Imaging
17.9 Characterization of Fuel Cell Layers
17.9.1 Porosity determination
17.9.2 BET surface area determination
17.9.3 Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
17.9.4 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
17.9.5 X-ray diffraction (XRD)
17.9.6 Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS)
17.9.7 X-ray fluorescence (XRF)
17.9.8 Inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS)
Chapter Summary
Problems
Bibliography
Appendix A. Useful Constants and Conversions
Appendix B. Thermodynamic Properties of Selected Substances
Appendix C. Molecular Weight, Gas Constant and Specific Heat for Selected Substances
Appendix D. Gas Specific Heats at Various Temperatures
Appendix E. Specific Heat for Saturated Liquid Water at Various Temperatures
Appendix F. Thermodynamic Data for Selected Fuel Cell Reactants at Various Temperatures
Appendix G. Binary Diffusion Coefficients for Selected Fuel Cell Substances
Appendix H. Product Design Specifications
Appendix I. Fuel Cell Design Requirements and Parameters
Index
