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CITATION

Das, J.C.. Transients in Electrical Systems: Analysis, Recognition, and Mitigation. US: McGraw-Hill Professional, 2010.

Transients in Electrical Systems: Analysis, Recognition, and Mitigation

Authors: J.C. Das

Published:  June 2010

eISBN: 9780071626033 0071626034 | ISBN: 9780071622486
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  • Contents
  • Preface
  • Chapter 1 Introduction to Transients
  • 1-1 Classification of Transients
  • 1-2 Classification with Respect to Frequency Groups
  • 1-3 Frequency-Dependent Modeling
  • 1-4 Other Sources of Transients
  • 1-5 Study of Transients
  • 1-6 TNAs—Analog Computers
  • 1-7 Digital Simulations, EMTP/ATP, and Similar Programs
  • References
  • Further Reading
  • Chapter 2 Transients in Lumped Circuits
  • 2-1 Lumped and Distributed Parameters
  • 2-2 Time Invariance
  • 2-3 Linear and Nonlinear Systems
  • 2-4 Property of Decomposition
  • 2-5 Time Domain Analysis of Linear Systems
  • 2-6 Static and Dynamic Systems
  • 2-7 Fundamental Concepts
  • 2-8 First-Order Transients
  • 2-9 Second-Order Transients
  • 2-10 Parallel RLC Circuit
  • 2-11 Second-Order Step Response
  • 2-12 Resonance in Series and Parallel RLC Circuits
  • 2-13 Loop and Nodal Matrix Methods for Transient Analysis
  • 2-14 State Variable Representation
  • 2-15 Discrete-Time Systems
  • 2-16 State Variable Model of a Discrete System
  • 2-17 Linear Approximation
  • Problems
  • Reference
  • Further Reading
  • Chapter 3 Control Systems
  • 3-1 Transfer Function
  • 3-2 General Feedback Theory
  • 3-3 Continuous System Frequency Response
  • 3-4 Transfer Function of a Discrete-Time System
  • 3-5 Stability
  • 3-6 Block Diagrams
  • 3-7 Signal-Flow Graphs
  • 3-8 Block Diagrams of State Models
  • 3-9 State Diagrams of Differential Equations
  • 3-10 Steady-State Errors
  • 3-11 Frequency-Domain Response Specifications
  • 3-12 Time-Domain Response Specifications
  • 3-13 Root-Locus Analysis
  • 3-14 Bode Plot
  • 3-15 Relative Stability
  • 3-16 The Nyquist Diagram
  • 3-17 TACS in EMTP
  • Problems
  • References
  • Further Reading
  • Chapter 4 Modeling of Transmission Lines and Cables for Transient Studies
  • 4-1 ABCD Parameters
  • 4-2 ABCD Parameters of Transmission Line Models
  • 4-3 Long Transmission Line Model-Wave Equation
  • 4-4 Reflection and Transmission at Transition Points
  • 4-5 Lattice Diagrams
  • 4-6 Behavior with Unit Step Functions at Transition Points
  • 4-7 Infinite Line
  • 4-8 Tuned Power Line
  • 4-9 Ferranti Effect
  • 4-10 Symmetrical Line at No Load
  • 4-11 Lossless Line
  • 4-12 Generalized Wave Equations
  • 4-13 Modal Analysis
  • 4-14 Damping and Attenuation
  • 4-15 Corona
  • 4-16 Transmission Line Models for Transient Analysis
  • 4-17 Cable Types
  • Problems
  • References
  • Further Reading
  • Chapter 5 Lightning Strokes, Shielding, and Backflashovers
  • 5-1 Formation of Clouds
  • 5-2 Lightning Discharge Types
  • 5-3 The Ground Flash
  • 5-4 Lightning Parameters
  • 5-5 Ground Flash Density and Keraunic Level
  • 5-6 Lightning Strikes on Overhead lines
  • 5-7 BIL/CFO of Electrical Equipment
  • 5-8 Frequency of Direct Strokes to Transmission Lines
  • 5-9 Direct Lightning Strokes
  • 5-10 Lightning Strokes to Towers
  • 5-11 Lightning Stroke to Ground Wire
  • 5-12 Strokes to Ground in Vicinity of Transmission Lines
  • 5-13 Shielding
  • 5-14 Shielding Designs
  • 5-15 Backflashovers
  • Problems
  • References
  • Further Reading
  • Chapter 6 Transients of Shunt Capacitor Banks
  • 6-1 Origin of Switching Transients
  • 6-2 Transients on Energizing a Single Capacitor Bank
  • 6-3 Application of Power Capacitors with Nonlinear Loads
  • 6-4 Back-to-Back Switching
  • 6-5 Switching Devices for Capacitor Banks
  • 6-6 Inrush Current Limiting Reactors
  • 6-7 Discharge Currents Through Parallel Banks
  • 6-8 Secondary Resonance
  • 6-9 Phase-to-Phase Overvoltages
  • 6-10 Capacitor Switching Impact on Drive Systems
  • 6-11 Switching of Capacitors with Motors
  • 6-12 Interruptions of Capacitance Currents
  • 6-13 Control of Switching Transients
  • 6-14 Shunt Capacitor Bank Arrangements
  • Problems
  • References
  • Further Reading
  • Chapter 7 Switching Transients and Temporary Overvoltages
  • 7-1 Classification of Voltage Stresses
  • 7-2 Maximum System Voltage
  • 7-3 Temporary Overvoltages
  • 7-4 Switching Surges
  • 7-5 Switching Surges and System Voltage
  • 7-6 Closing and Reclosing of Transmission Lines
  • 7-7 Overvoltages Due to Resonance
  • 7-8 Switching Overvoltages of Overhead Lines and Underground Cables
  • 7-9 Cable Models
  • 7-10 Overvoltages Due to Load Rejection
  • 7-11 Ferroresonance
  • 7-12 Compensation of Transmission Lines
  • 7-13 Out-of-Phase Closing
  • 7-14 Overvoltage Control
  • 7-15 Statistical Studies
  • Problems
  • References
  • Further Reading
  • Chapter 8 Current Interruption in AC Circuits
  • 8-1 Arc Interruption
  • 8-2 Arc Interruption Theories
  • 8-3 Current-Zero Breaker
  • 8-4 Transient Recovery Voltage
  • 8-5 Single-Frequency TRV Terminal Fault
  • 8-6 Double-Frequency TRV
  • 8-7 ANSI/IEEE Standards for TRV
  • 8-8 IEC TRV Profiles
  • 8-9 Short-Line Fault
  • 8-10 Interruption of Low Inductive Currents
  • 8-11 Interruption of Capacitive Currents
  • 8-12 Prestrikes in Circuit Breakers
  • 8-13 Breakdown in Gases
  • 8-14 Stresses in Circuit Breakers
  • Problems
  • References
  • Further Reading
  • Chapter 9 Symmetrical and Unsymmetrical Short-Circuit Currents
  • 9-1 Symmetrical and Unsymmetrical Faults
  • 9-2 Symmetrical Components
  • 9-3 Sequence Impedance of Network Components
  • 9-4 Fault Analysis Using Symmetrical Components
  • 9-5 Matrix Methods of Short-Circuit Current Calculations
  • 9-6 Computer-Based Calculations
  • 9-7 Overvoltages Due to Ground Faults
  • Problems
  • References
  • Further Reading
  • Chapter 10 Transient Behavior of Synchronous Generators
  • 10-1 Three-Phase Terminal Fault
  • 10-2 Reactances of a Synchronous Generator
  • 10-3 Saturation of Reactances
  • 10-4 Time Constants of Synchronous Generators
  • 10-5 Synchronous Generator Behavior on Terminal Short-Circuit
  • 10-6 Circuit Equations of Unit Machines
  • 10-7 Park’s Transformation
  • 10-8 Park’s Voltage Equation
  • 10-9 Circuit Model of Synchronous Generators
  • 10-10 Calculation Procedure and Examples
  • 10-11 Steady-State Model of Synchronous Generator
  • 10-12 Symmetrical Short Circuit of a Generator at No Load
  • 10-13 Manufacturer’s Data
  • 10-14 Interruption of Currents with Delayed Current Zeros
  • 10-15 Synchronous Generator on Infinite Bus
  • Problems
  • References
  • Further Reading
  • Chapter 11 Transient Behavior of Induction and Synchronous Motors
  • 11-1 Transient and Steady-State Models of Induction Machines
  • 11-2 Induction Machine Model with Saturation
  • 11-3 Induction Generator
  • 11-4 Stability of Induction Motors on Voltage Dips
  • 11-5 Short-Circuit Transients of an Induction Motor
  • 11-6 Starting Methods
  • 11-7 Study of Starting Transients
  • 11-8 Synchronous Motors
  • 11-9 Stability of Synchronous Motors
  • Problems
  • References
  • Further Reading
  • Chapter 12 Power System Stability
  • 12-1 Classification of Power System Stability
  • 12-2 Equal Area Concept of Stability
  • 12-3 Factors Affecting Stability
  • 12-4 Swing Equation of a Generator
  • 12-5 Classical Stability Model
  • 12-6 Data Required to Run a Transient Stability Study
  • 12-7 State Equations
  • 12-8 Numerical Techniques
  • 12-9 Synchronous Generator Models for Stability
  • 12-10 Small-Signal Stability
  • 12-11 Eigenvalues and Stability
  • 12-12 Voltage Stability
  • 12-13 Load Models
  • 12-14 Direct Stability Methods
  • Problems
  • References
  • Further Reading
  • Chapter 13 Excitation Systems and Power System Stabilizers
  • 13-1 Reactive Capability Curve (Operating Chart) of a Synchronous Generator
  • 13-2 Steady-State Stability Curves
  • 13-3 Short-Circuit Ratio
  • 13-4 Per Unit Systems
  • 13-5 Nominal Response of the Excitation System
  • 13-6 Building Blocks of Excitation Systems
  • 13-7 Saturation Characteristics of Exciter
  • 13-8 Types of Excitation Systems
  • 13-9 Power System Stabilizers
  • 13-10 Tuning a PSS
  • 13-11 Models of Prime Movers
  • 13-12 Automatic Generation Control
  • 13-13 On-Line Security Assessments
  • Problems
  • References
  • Further Reading
  • Chapter 14 Transient Behavior of Transformers
  • 14-1 Frequency-Dependent Models
  • 14-2 Model of a Two-Winding Transformer
  • 14-3 Equivalent Circuits for Tap Changing
  • 14-4 Inrush Current Transients
  • 14-5 Transient Voltages Impacts on Transformers
  • 14-6 Matrix Representations
  • 14-7 Extended Models of Transformers
  • 14-8 EMTP Model FDBIT
  • 14-9 Sympathetic Inrush
  • 14-10 High-Frequency Models
  • 14-11 Surge Transference Through Transformers
  • 14-12 Surge Voltage Distribution Across Windings
  • 14-13 Duality Models
  • 14-14 GIC Models
  • 14-15 Ferroresonance
  • 14-16 Transformer Reliability
  • Problems
  • References
  • Further Reading
  • Chapter 15 Power Electronic Equipment and FACTS
  • 15-1 The Three-Phase Bridge Circuits
  • 15-2 Voltage Source Three-Phase Bridge
  • 15-3 Three-Level Converter
  • 15-4 Static VAR Compensator (SVC)
  • 15-5 Series Capacitors
  • 15-6 FACTS
  • 15-7 Synchronous Voltage Source
  • 15-8 Static Synchronous Compensator
  • 15-9 Static Series Synchronous Compensator
  • 15-10 Unified Power Flow Controller
  • 15-11 NGH-SSR Damper
  • 15-12 Displacement Power Factor
  • 15-13 Instantaneous Power Theory
  • 15-14 Active Filters
  • Problems
  • References
  • Further Reading
  • Chapter 16 Flicker, Bus Transfer, Torsional Dynamics, and Other Transients
  • 16-1 Flicker
  • 16-2 Autotransfer of Loads
  • 16-3 Static Transfer Switches and Solid-State Breakers
  • 16-4 Cogging and Crawling of Induction Motors
  • 16-5 Synchronous Motor-Driven Reciprocating Compressors
  • 16-6 Torsional Dynamics
  • 16-7 Out-of-Phase Synchronization
  • Problems
  • References
  • Further Reading
  • Chapter 17 Insulation Coordination
  • 17-1 Insulating Materials
  • 17-2 Atmospheric Effects and Pollution
  • 17-3 Dielectrics
  • 17-4 Insulation Breakdown
  • 17-5 Insulation Characteristics—BIL and BSL
  • 17-6 Volt-Time Characteristics
  • 17-7 Nonstandard Wave Forms
  • 17-8 Probabilistic Concepts
  • 17-9 Minimum Time to Breakdown
  • 17-10 Weibull Probability Distribution
  • 17-11 Air Clearances
  • 17-12 Insulation Coordination
  • 17-13 Representation of Slow Front Overvoltages (SFOV)
  • 17-14 Risk of Failure
  • 17-15 Coordination for Fast-Front Surges
  • 17-16 Switching Surge Flashover Rate
  • 17-17 Open Breaker Position
  • 17-18 Monte Carlo Method
  • 17-19 Simplified Approach
  • 17-20 Summary of Steps in Insulation Coordination
  • Problems
  • References
  • Further Reading
  • Chapter 18 Gas-Insulated Substations—Very Fast Transients
  • 18-1 Categorization of VFT
  • 18-2 Disconnector-Induced Transients
  • 18-3 Breakdown in GIS—Free Particles
  • 18-4 External Transients
  • 18-5 Effect of Lumped Capacitance at Entrance to GIS
  • 18-6 Transient Electromagnetic Fields
  • 18-7 Breakdown in SF[sub(6)]
  • 18-8 Modeling of Transients in GIS
  • 18-9 Insulation Coordination
  • 18-10 Surge Arresters for GIS
  • Problems
  • References
  • Further Reading
  • Chapter 19 Transients and Surge Protection in Low-Voltage Systems
  • 19-1 Modes of Protection
  • 19-2 Multiple-Grounded Distribution Systems
  • 19-3 High-Frequency Cross Interference
  • 19-4 Surge Voltages
  • 19-5 Exposure Levels
  • 19-6 Test Wave Shapes
  • 19-7 Location Categories
  • 19-8 Surge Protection Devices
  • 19-9 SPD Components
  • 19-10 Connection of SPD Devices
  • 19-11 Power Quality Problems
  • 19-12 Surge Protection of Computers
  • 19-13 Power Quality for Computers
  • 19-14 Typical Application of SPDs
  • Problems
  • References
  • Further Reading
  • Chapter 20 Surge Arresters
  • 20-1 Ideal Surge Arrester
  • 20-2 Rod Gaps
  • 20-3 Expulsion-Type Arresters
  • 20-4 Valve-Type Silicon Carbide Arresters
  • 20-5 Metal-Oxide Surge Arresters
  • 20-6 Response to Lightning Surges
  • 20-7 Switching Surge Durability
  • 20-8 Arrester Lead Length and Separation Distance
  • 20-9 Application Considerations
  • 20-10 Surge Arrester Models
  • 20-11 Surge Protection of AC Motors
  • 20-12 Surge Protection of Generators
  • 20-13 Surge Protection of Capacitor Banks
  • 20-14 Current-Limiting Fuses
  • Problems
  • References
  • Further Reading
  • Chapter 21 Transients in Grounding Systems
  • 21-1 Solid Grounding
  • 21-2 Resistance Grounding
  • 21-3 Ungrounded Systems
  • 21-4 Reactance Grounding
  • 21-5 Grounding of Variable-Speed Drive Systems
  • 21-6 Grounding for Electrical Safety
  • 21-7 Finite Element Methods
  • 21-8 Grounding and Bonding
  • 21-9 Fall of Potential Outside the Grid
  • 21-10 Influence on Buried Pipelines
  • 21-11 Behavior Under Lightning Impulse Current
  • Problems
  • References
  • Further Reading
  • Chapter 22 Lightning Protection of Structures
  • 22-1 Parameters of Lightning Current
  • 22-2 Types of Structures
  • 22-3 Risk Assessment According to IEC
  • 22-4 Criteria for Protection
  • 22-5 Protection Measures
  • 22-6 Transient Behavior of Grounding System
  • 22-7 Internal LPS Systems According to IEC
  • 22-8 Lightning Protection According to NFPA Standard
  • 22-9 Lightning Risk Assessment According to NFPA
  • 22-10 Protection of Ordinary Structures
  • 22-11 NFPA Rolling Sphere Model
  • 22-12 Alternate Lightning Protection Technologies
  • 22-13 Is EMF Harmful to Humans?
  • Problems
  • References
  • Further Reading
  • Chapter 23 DC Systems, Short Circuits, Distributions, and HVDC
  • 23-1 Short-Circuit Transients
  • 23-2 Current Interruption in DC Circuits
  • 23-3 DC Industrial and Commercial Distribution Systems
  • 23-4 HVDC Transmission
  • Problems
  • References
  • Further Reading
  • Chapter 24 Smart Grids and Wind Power Generation
  • 24-1 WAMS and Phasor Measurement Devices
  • 24-2 System Integrity Protection Schemes
  • 24-3 Adaptive Protection
  • 24-4 Wind-Power Stations
  • 24-5 Wind-Energy Conversion
  • 24-6 The Cube Law
  • 24-7 Operation
  • 24-8 Wind Generators
  • 24-9 Power Electronics
  • 24-10 Computer Modeling
  • 24-11 Floating Wind Turbines
  • References
  • Further Reading
  • Appendix A: Differential Equations
  • A-1 Homogeneous Differential Equations
  • A-2 Linear Differential Equations
  • A-3 Bernoulli’s Equation
  • A-4 Exact Differential Equations
  • A-5 Clairaut’s Equation
  • A-6 Complementary Function and Particular Integral
  • A-7 Forced and Free Response
  • A-8 Linear Differential Equations of the Second Order (With Constant Coefficients)
  • A-9 Calculation of Complementary Function
  • A-10 Higher-Order Equations
  • A-11 Calculations of Particular Integrals
  • A-12 Solved Examples
  • A-13 Homogeneous Linear Differential Equations
  • A-14 Simultaneous Differential Equations
  • A-15 Partial Differential Equations
  • Further Reading
  • Appendix B: Laplace Transform
  • B-1 Method of Partial Fractions
  • B-2 Laplace Transform of a Derivative of f(t)
  • B-3 Laplace Transform of an Integral
  • B-4 Laplace Transform of tf(t)
  • B-5 Laplace Transform of (1/t) f(t)
  • B-6 Initial-Value Theorem
  • B-7 Final-Value Theorem
  • B-8 Solution of Differential Equations
  • B-9 Solution of Simultaneous Differential Equations
  • B-10 Unit-Step Function
  • B-11 Impulse Function
  • B-12 Gate Function
  • B-13 Second Shifting Theorem
  • B-14 Periodic Functions
  • B-15 Convolution Theorem
  • B-16 Inverse Laplace Transform by Residue Method
  • B-17 Correspondence with Fourier Transform
  • Further Reading
  • Appendix C: z-Transform
  • C-1 Properties of z-Transform
  • C-2 Initial-Value Theorem
  • C-3 Final-Value Theorem
  • C-4 Partial Sum
  • C-5 Convolution
  • C-6 Inverse z-Transform
  • C-7 Inversion by Partial Fractions
  • C-8 Inversion by Residue Method
  • C-9 Solution of Difference Equations
  • C-10 State Variable Form
  • Further Reading
  • Appendix D: Sequence Impedances of Transmission Lines and Cables
  • D-1 AC Resistance of Conductors
  • D-2 Inductance of Transmission Lines
  • D-3 Transposed Line
  • D-4 Composite Conductors
  • D-5 Impedance Matrix
  • D-6 Three-Phase Line with Ground Conductors
  • D-7 Bundle Conductors
  • D-8 Carson’s Formula
  • D-9 Capacitance of Lines
  • D-10 Cable Constants
  • D-11 Frequency-Dependent Transmission Line Models
  • References
  • Appendix E: Energy Functions and Stability
  • E-1 Dynamic Elements
  • E-2 Passivity
  • E-3 Equilibrium Points
  • E-4 State Equations
  • E-5 Stability of Equilibrium Points
  • E-6 Hartman-Grobman Linearization Theorem
  • E-7 Lyapunov Function
  • E-8 LaSalle’s Invariant Principle
  • E-9 Asymptotic Behavior
  • E-10 Periodic Inputs
  • References
  • Further Reading
  • Appendix F: Statistics and Porbability
  • F-1 Mean, Mode, and Median
  • F-2 Mean and Standard Deviation
  • F-3 Skewness and Kurtosis
  • F-4 Curve Fitting and Regression
  • F-5 Probability
  • F-6 Binomial Distribution
  • F-7 Poisson Distribution
  • F-8 Normal or Gaussian Distribution
  • F-9 Weibull Distribution
  • Reference
  • Further Reading
  • Appendix G: Numerical Techniques
  • G-1 Network Equations
  • G-2 Compensation Methods
  • G-3 Nonlinear Inductance
  • G-4 Piecewise Linear Inductance
  • G-5 Newton-Raphson Method
  • G-6 Numerical Solution of Linear Differential Equations
  • G-7 Laplace Transform
  • G-8 Taylor Series
  • G-9 Trapezoidal Rule of Integration
  • G-10 Runge-Kutta Methods
  • G-11 Predictor-Corrector Methods
  • G-12 Richardson Extrapolation and Romberg Integration
  • References
  • Further Reading
  • Index