Water Resources Sustainability

Water Resources Sustainability

Authors: Larry W. Mays

Published: 2007

ISBN: 9780071630955 0071462309

Contents

Contributors

Preface

1 Introduction: Water Sustainability

Introduction

What Is Water Resources Sustainability?

Frameworks for Civilizations to Collapse

Modern Day Examples of Unsustainability

Aral Sea

Mexico City

The Problems in Developing Nations

A Look at Sub-Saharan Africa

Future Targets for Current Global Water Challenges

Global Climate Change

References

2 Water Sustainability: Parallels of Past Civilizations and The Present

Introduction

Ancient Megawater Projects

Romans

Mesoamerica

Teotihuacans

Xochicalco

The Maya

American Southwest

The Beginning of the Watering of the West

Water Law and Policy in the Southwest

The Past and the Future

Relevance of the Ancients

The Unsustainable American Southwest

References

3 Water Resources Sustainability: An Ecological-Economics Perspective

Introduction

An Ecological-Economics View of Sustainability

Measuring the Ecological-Economic Value of Water

Toward Sustainable Management of Water Resources

A Human Right to Water

Integrated Water Resources Management

Virtual Water

Where Ecological Economics Takes us

Acknowledgments

References

4 Managing for Sustainability in Arizona, USA: Linking Climate, Water Management and Growth

Introduction

Arizona’s Water Resources and Climate

Arizona’s Water Resources

Climatic Conditions and Trends in Arizona

Arizona’s Water Management Framework

Groundwater Management Act Structure

Managing for Sustainability—Arizona’s Experience

Linking Water Supplies and Growth

Arizona’s Assured Water Supply Program and Water Planning Mandates

Concluding Thoughts

References

5 Optimization Modeling for Sustainable Groundwater and Conjunctive Use Policy Development

Introduction

Simulation/Optimization Models

Introduction

Methods of Simulating within S/O Models

Methods of Optimizing within S/O Models

Coupled Simulators and Optimizers

Sustainable Groundwater and Conjunctive use Under Riparian Rights—Reasonable use Doctrine

Introduction to Grand Prairie S/O Application

Optimization Problem Formulations

Application and Results

Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Legal Citations

6 Multiobjective Analysis for Sustainability—Conjuctive Use Planning of Groundwater and Surface Water

Introduction

Governing Equations

Surface Water

Groundwater

Modeling Issues

Management Objectives in Conjunctive use Projects

Supply Objectives

Quality Objectives

Economic Objectives

Environmental Objectives

Sustainability

Multiobjective Optimization

Definition

Solution Methods—Mathematical Programming

Solution Methods—Multiobjective Evolutionary Algorithms

Linking Simulation and Optimization

Multicriteria Decision Making

Distance-Based Methods: Compromise Programming

Outranking Techniques: ELECTRE III

Multicriterion Q-Analysis (MCQA)

Ordered Weighted Averaging

Case study: San Pedro River Basin

General Information

Models

Stakeholder Involvement

Simulation-Optimization Results

Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgments

References

7 Uncertainties and Risks in Water Resources Projects

Introduction

Risk-Based Hydrosystems Engineering and Management

Basic Concept

Risk Considerations in Hydrosystems Engineering

Evaluations of Annual Expected Damage Cost Due to Failure

Data Requirements in Risk-Based Approach

Risk-Based Analysis Considering Intangible Factors

Risk-Based Design Without Flood Damage Information

Uncertainty and Reliability Analyses

Uncertainty Analysis

Reliability Analysis

Concluding Remarks

References

8 Climate Change Effects and Water Management Options

Introduction

The Climate System

Definition of Climate Change

Climate Change Prediction

Droughts

Climate Change Effects

Hydrologic Effects

River Basin/ Regional Runoff Effects

Water Management Options

Uncertainties

References

Further Reading

9 Water Sustainablity: The Potential Impact of Climate Change

Introduction

Is There Evidence of the Effects of Climate Change On Hydrology in the Historical Record?

Future Potential Impacts on Natural Streamflow Due to Climate Change

Methodology

Potential Climate Change Impacts on Streamflows: Most Significant Results

Future Potential Impacts on Californian Water Resources Systems Due to Climate Change

Suggested Future Studies

Conclusions

References

10 Water Supply Security: an Introduction

History

The Water Supply System: a Brief Description

Why Water Supply Systems?

The Threats

Cyber Threats

Physical Threats

Chemical Threats

Biological Threats

Prior to September 11, 2001

Response to September 11, 2001

Public Health, Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act (“Bioterrorism Act”) (PL 107-188), June, 2002

Homeland Security Act (PL 107-296), November 25, 2002

USEPA’s Protocol

References

11 Water Resources Sustainability Issues in South Korea

Introduction

Difficulties of National Water Resources Planning

New Directions

Summary and Conclusions

Research on Urban Flood Disaster Management

Introduction

Research and Development

Research Groups

Summary and Conclusions

Restoration of Cheonggye-Cheon

Introduction

History

Reasons for Restoration

Construction Procedure

Outcome of the Project

Summary

Water Security Issues in Korea

Introduction

Climate

Social and Environmental Changes

Potential Water Resources

Water Supply System Improvement

Summary

Acknowledgments

References

12 Water-Based Sustainable Integrated Regional Development

Introduction

Definitions

Development Paradigms: Sustainable Development and Water

Water Resources Development and Management

Social and Economic Development

Scope and Scale Issues in Development: from Chaos to Integration

Domain of Water-Based Regional Development

Case for Water-Based Sustainable Integrated Regional Development

Development Frameworks

Institutional Setting and Major Players

Governance Issues

Propoor Policies: Why Is Special Attention Needed for the Poor?

Implementing Water-Based SIRD

Development on River Basin Scale

Integrated Rural Development

A Tool for Transboundary Cooperation

Management of Regional Development

Planning a Regional Development Project

Turkey’s Southeastern Anatolia Project (GAP): A Real-World Example

Water Resources Development Component of GAP

Regional Development Policies and GAP’s Institutional Evolution

GAP as a Water-Based Sustainable Integrated Regional Development Program

Integrating Individual Sectors in a Holistic Program/Stock of Overall Capital Assets

Future Directions and Room for Improvement

References

13 Community Management of Rural Water Systems in Ghana: Postconstruction Support and Water and Sanitation Committees in Brong Ahafo and Volta Regions

Introduction

Background and Study Context

Fieldwork

Current Status of Water Systems and Watsan Committees

Profile of Villages and Water Projects in the Two Regions

Profile of Watsan Committees in the Two Regions

Technical Breakdowns and Postconstruction Support

Watsan Committees’ Collections and Expenditures in the Two Regions

Postconstruction Support and the Functioning of Watsan Committees

Discussion

Acknowledgments

References

14 Is Privatization of Water Utilities Sustainable? Lessons from the European Experience

Introduction

The WSS Industry: Developments across Centuries and Drivers of Private Sector Involvement

Liberalization and PSI Opportunities in the Water Sector: A Framework for the Analysis

Alternative Models for Organizing WSS Services

Assessment of Sustainability of Water Liberalization Models

Private Sector Participation, Water Prices, and Affordability

Future Scenarios: The Way Ahead

Acknowledgments

References

Index