Petroleum Fuels Manufacturing Handbook: including Specialty Products and Sustainable Manufacturing Techniques

Home >
Browse >
Petroleum Fuels Manufacturing Handbook: including Specialty Products and Sustainable Manufacturing Techniques

Petroleum Fuels Manufacturing Handbook: including Specialty Products and Sustainable Manufacturing Techniques

Authors: Surinder Parkash

Published: August 2009

eISBN: 9780071632416 0071632417 | ISBN: 9780071632409

Contents

Preface

Part 1 Petroleum Fuels

Chapter 1. Liquefied Petroleum Gas

Automotive LPG

LPG Storage

LPG Manufacture

LPG Specifications

Chapter 2. Naphtha

Naphtha Production

Secondary Processing Units

Naphtha Desulfurization

Naphtha HDS Unit

Naphtha Specifications

LSR Naphtha

Naphtha Uses

Chapter 3. Gasoline

Gasoline Engine

Gasoline Properties

Gasoline Blend Components

Pollution from Gasoline Combustion

Catalytic Converter

Gasoline Specifications

Aviation Gasoline

Racing Fuels

References

Chapter 4. Kerosene

Jet Engine

Grades and Specifications

Military Jet Fuel Specifications

Jet Fuel Quality Characteristics

Aviation Fuel Additives

Miscellaneous Uses

References

Chapter 5. Diesel Fuels

Diesel Engines

Specifications

Diesel Fuel Emissions

Diesel Fuel Additives

Diesel Blending

Distillate Heating Oils

Biodiesels

References

Chapter 6. Residual Fuel Oils

Uses of Residual Fuels

Diesel Engines

Steam Boilers

Gas Turbines

Residual Fuel Oil Specifications

Properties of Residual Fuel Oils

Residual Fuel Oil Burning

Residual Fuel Oil Blending

Compatibility of Residual Fuel Oils

References

Part 2 Petroleum Specialty Products

Chapter 7. Bitumen

Bitumen Composition

Bitumen for Pavement

Bitumen Evaluation for Paving

Bitumen Grading Systems

Hot-Mix Asphalt

Bitumen Test Methods

Types of Bitumen

Air Blowing Process

Industrial Uses of Bitumen

Storage and Handling of Bitumen

References

Chapter 8. Petroleum Coke

Manufacturing Processes

Delayed Coking Process

Operating Conditions

Fluid Coking Process

Petroleum Coke Types

Properties of Calcined Coke

Uses of Petroleum Coke

Aluminum Smelting

Titanium Dioxide Production

Steel Production

Graphite Electrodes

References

Chapter 9. Carbon Black

Manufacturing Processes

Channel Black Process

Gas Black Process

Thermal Black Process

Acetylene Black Process

Lamp Black Process

Furnace Black Process

Reactor

Oxidized Carbon Blacks

Carbon Black Properties

Secondary Properties

Carbon Black Test Methods

Application and Uses

Printing Inks

Cosmetics Usage

References

Chapter 10. Lube Base Stocks

Conventional Process

Catalytic Dewaxing

American Petroleum Institute Classification of Base Oils

References

Chapter 11. Lubricating Oil Blending

Classification of Lubricating Oils

Classification by Viscosity

International Standards

Classification by Additive Types

Automotive Engine Oils

Effect of Viscosity on Fuel Economy

Automotive Oil Additives

Viscosity Index Improvers

Detergent Inhibitors

Dispersants

Anti-Wear/Extreme Pressure Additives

Friction Modifiers

Oxidation Inhibitors

Rust and Corrosion Inhibitors

Pour Point Depressants

Antifoamant Additives

Other Additives

Additive Depletion

Engine Oil Formulation

Effect of Base Stock Quality

American Petroleum Institute Service Classification

Gear Oils

SAE Gear Oil Classification

Automotive Lubricants Test Methods

Cold Crank Simulator (ASTM D 5293)

Four-Ball Wear Test (ASTM D 4172)

References

Chapter 12. Synthetic Lubricants

Polyalphaolefins

Diesters

Polyol Esters

Polyalkylene Glycols

Phosphate Esters

Natural Esters

Polyphenyl Ethers

Fluorinated Lubricants

Silicate Esters

References

Chapter 13. Turbine Oils

Base Oils

Formulation

Life of Turbine Oil

Test Methods

References

Chapter 14. Used Oil Re-Refining

Burning as Fuel

Re-Refining

Re-Refining Processes

Batch Acid-Clay Process

Pretreatment

Hydrofinishing Process

References

Chapter 15. Lubricating Greases

Grease Composition

Base Oil

Grease Thickeners

Additives

Grease Manufacture

Lubricating Grease Quality

Automotive Greases

Aircraft Greases

Heavy Machinery Greases

Marine Greases

High-Temperature Greases

References

Chapter 16. Waxes

Nonpetroleum Waxes

Paraffin Waxes

Properties

Test Methods

Petroleum Wax Manufacture

References

Chapter 17. Metalworking Fluids

Types of MWFs

Functions of MWFs

Blend Components of Cutting Oils

Cutting Fluid Formulation

Cutting Fluid Maintenance and Disposal

References

Chapter 18. Metal Finishing Quenchants

Heat Treating Processes

Quenching/Hardening

Types of Quenchants

Three Stages of Heat Removal

Accelerated Quenching

Marquenching

Mineral Quenching Oils

Polymer Solutions

Quench System Design

Other Heat Treating Processes

References

Chapter 19. Hydraulic Fluids

Physical Properties

Biodegradability

Base Oils for Hydraulic Fluids

Brake Fluids

References

Chapter 20. Petroleum Products as Pesticides

Spray Oils

Chemical Insecticides

References

Chapter 21. Hydrocarbon Solvents

Nonpetroleum Solvents

Petroleum-Based Solvents

Major Applications of Petroleum Solvents

References

Chapter 22. Refrigeration Gases

Freons

Refrigerants' Name and Numbering Convention

Aerosols

Product

Propellant

Container

Chapter 23. Transformer/Electrical Insulating Oils

Properties/Specifications

Transformer Oils Manufacture

References

Chapter 24. White Mineral Oils

Properties of White Oils

Uses of White Mineral Oils

White Oil Manufacture

Process Description

Intermediate Product Storage

Intermediate Product Nomenclature

Sulfonate Blending

Percolation

Bauxite Processing

New Bauxite Reactivation

Naphtha Recovery

Hydrotreating Process

Hydroprocessed Base Stocks

Petroleum Sulfonates

Petrolatums

References

Appendix

Index