Frontiers in Antennas: Next Generation Design & Engineering

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Frontiers in Antennas: Next Generation Design & Engineering

Frontiers in Antennas: Next Generation Design & Engineering

Authors: Frank Gross

Published: January 2011

eISBN: 9780071637947 007163794X | ISBN: 9780071637930

Contents

Foreword

Preface

Acknowledgments

1 Ultra-Wideband Antenna Arrays

1.1 Introduction

1.1.1 Grating Lobes in Periodic Arrays

1.1.2 Dense Wideband Antenna Arrays

1.1.3 Early Aperiodic Design Methods

1.2 Foundations of Multiband and UWB Array Design

1.2.1 Fractal Theory and Its Applications to Antenna Array Design

1.2.2 Aperiodic Tiling Theory

1.2.3 Optimization Techniques

1.3 Modern UWB Array Design Techniques

1.3.1 Polyfractal Arrays

1.3.2 Arrays Based on Raised-Power Series Representations

1.3.3 Arrays Based on Aperiodic Tilings

1.4 UWB Array Design Examples

1.4.1 Linear and Planar Polyfractal Array Examples

1.4.2 Linear RPS Array Design Examples

1.4.3 Planar Array Examples Based on Aperiodic Tilings

1.4.4 Volumetric Array Based on a 3D Aperiodic Tiling

1.5 Full-Wave and Experimental Verification of UWB Designs

1.5.1 Full-Wave Simulation of a Moderately Sized Optimized RPS Array

1.5.2 Full-Wave Simulation of a Planar Optimized Aperiodic Tiling Array

1.5.3 Experimental Verification of Two Linear Polyfractal Arrays

References

2 Smart Antennas

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Background on Smart Antennas

2.2.1 Beamforming

2.2.2 Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Techniques

2.3 Evolutionary Signal Processing for Smart Antennas

2.3.1 Description of Algorithms

2.3.2 Adaptive Beamforming and Nulling in Smart Antennas

2.3.3 Extensions to Algorithms for Smart Antenna Implementation

2.4 Wideband Direction-of-Arrival Estimation

2.4.1 Test of Orthogonality of Projected Subspaces (TOPS)

2.4.2 Test of Orthogonality of Frequency Subspaces (TOFS)

2.4.3 Improvements to TOPS

2.5 Knowledge Aided Smart Antennas

2.5.1 Terrain Information

2.5.2 Analysis Tools

2.6 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

3 Vivaldi Antenna Arrays

3.1 Background and General Characteristics

3.1.1 Introduction

3.1.2 Background

3.1.3 Applications

3.1.4 Physical and Mechanical Description

3.1.5 Fabrication

3.1.6 General Discussion of Vivaldi Array Performance

3.2 Design of Vivaldi Arrays

3.2.1 Background

3.2.2 Infinite Array Element Design for Wide Bandwidth

3.2.3 Infinite x Finite Array Truncation Effects

3.2.4 Finite Array Truncation Effects

Acknowledgments

References

4 Artificial Magnetic Conductors/High-Impedance Surfaces

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Historical Background

4.3 Fundamental Theory, Analysis, and Simulation

4.3.1 Equivalent Circuit Model

4.3.2 Effective Media Model

4.3.3 CEM Simulation of AMC Structures

4.4 New Technologies and Applications

4.4.1 Magnetically Loaded AMC

4.4.2 Reconfigurable AMC

4.4.3 Novel AMC Constructs

References

5 Metamaterial Antennas

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Negative Refractive Index (NRI) Metamaterials

5.3 Metamaterial Antennas Based on NRI Concepts

5.3.1 Leaky-Wave Antennas (LWAs)

5.3.2 Miniature and Multiband Patch Antennas

5.3.3 Compact and Low-Profile Monopole Antennas

5.4 High-Gain Antennas Utilizing EBG Defect Modes

5.5 Antenna Miniaturization Using Dispersion Properties of Layered Anisotropic Media

5.5.1 Realizing DBE and MPC Modes via Printed Circuit Emulation of Anisotropy

5.5.2 DBE Antenna Design Using Printed Coupled Loops

5.5.3 Improving DBE Antenna Performance: Coupled Double-Loop (CDL) Antenna

5.5.4 Varactor Diode Loaded CDL Antenna

5.5.5 Microstrip MPC Antenna Design

5.6 Platform/Vehicle Integration of Metamaterial Antennas (Irci, Sertel, Volakis)

5.7 Wideband Metamaterial Antenna Arrays (Tzanidis, Sertel, Volakis)

5.7.1 What Are Metamaterial Antenna Arrays?

5.7.2 Schematic Representation of a Metamaterial Array

5.7.3 An MTM Interweaved Spiral Array with 10:1 BW

References

6 Biological Antenna Design Methods

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Genetic Algorithm

6.2.1 Components of a Genetic Algorithm

6.2.2 Successful GA Strategies

6.2.3 Examples

6.3 Genetic Programming

6.4 Efficient Global Optimization

6.4.1 The DACE Stochastic Process Model

6.4.2 Estimation of the Correlation Parameters

6.4.3 Selecting the Next Design Point

6.4.4 Convergence

6.4.5 Comparison of EGO and GA Design Optimization

6.5 Particle Swarm Optimization

6.6 Ant Colony Optimization

References

7 Reconfigurable Antennas

7.1 Introduction

7.1.1 Physical Components of a Reconfigurable Antenna

7.1.2 Qualitative Description

7.1.3 Topology

7.2 Analysis

7.2.1 Transmission Line, Network, and Circuit Models

7.2.2 Perturbational Techniques

7.2.3 Variational Techniques

7.3 Overview of Reconfiguration Mechanisms for Antennas

7.3.1 Electromechanical

7.3.2 Ferroic Materials

7.3.3 Solid State Mechanisms

7.3.4 Fluidic Reconfiguration

7.3.5 Switching Speeds and Other Parameters

7.4 Control, Automation, and Applications

7.5 Review

7.6 Final Remarks

References

8 Antennas in Medicine: Ingestible Capsule Antennas

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Planar Meandered Dipoles

8.2.1 Balanced Planar Meandered Dipoles—Theory

8.2.2 Balanced Planar Meandered Dipoles—Simulation and Measurement

8.2.3 Offset Planar Meandered Dipoles—Simulation and Measurement

8.3 Antenna Design in Free Space

8.3.1 Conformal Chandelier Meandered Dipole Antenna

8.4 Antenna Design in the Human Body

8.4.1 Tuned Antenna for the Human Body

8.4.2 Effect of Electrical Components on the Antenna Performance

8.5 SAR Analysis and Link Budget Analysis

8.5.1 Simple Human-Body Model

8.5.2 Specific Absorption Rate Analysis

8.5.3 Link Budget Characterization

8.5.4 Link Budget for Free Space—Friis vs. HFSS

8.5.5 Comparison Between Three Wireless Communication Links

References

9 Leaky-Wave Antennas

9.1 Introduction

9.1.1 Motivation

9.1.2 Organization of the Chapter

9.1.3 Principle and Characteristics

9.1.4 Classification

9.2 Theory of Leaky Waves

9.2.1 Physics of Leaky-Waves

9.2.2 Radiation from 1D Unidirectional Leaky-Waves

9.2.3 Radiation from 1D Bidirectional Leaky-Waves

9.2.4 Radiation from Periodic Structures

9.2.5 Broadside Radiation

9.2.6 Radiation from 2D Leaky-Waves

9.3 Novel Structures

9.3.1 Full-Space Scanning CRLH Antenna

9.3.2 Full-Space Scanning Phase-Reversal Antenna

9.3.3 Full-Space Scanning Ferrite Waveguide Antenna

9.3.4 Full-Space Scanning Antennas Using Impedance Matching

9.3.5 Conformal CRLH Antenna

9.3.6 Planar Waveguide Antennas

9.3.7 Highly-Directive Wire-Medium Antenna

9.3.8 2D Metal Strip Grating (MSG) Partially Reflective Surface (PRS) Antenna

9.4 Novel Systems

9.4.1 Enhanced-Efficiency Power-Recycling Antennas

9.4.2 Ferrite Waveguide Combined Du/Diplexer Antenna

9.4.3 Active Beam-Shaping Antenna

9.4.4 Distributed Amplifier Antenna

9.4.5 Direction of Arrival Estimator

9.5 Conclusions

References

10 Plasma Antennas

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Fundamental Plasma Antenna Theory

10.3 Plasma Antenna Windowing (Foundation of the Smart Plasma Antenna Design)

10.3.1 Theoretical Analysis with Numerical Results

10.3.2 Geometric Construction

10.3.3 Electromagnetic Boundary value Problem

10.3.4 Partial Wave Expansion (Addition Theorem for Hankel Functions)

10.3.5 Setting Up the Matrix Problem

10.3.6 Far-Field Radiation Pattern

10.4 Smart Plasma Antenna Prototype

10.5 Plasma Frequency Selective Surfaces

10.5.1 Introduction

10.5.2 Theoretical Calculations and Numerical Results

10.5.3 Scattering from a Partially-Conducting Cylinder

10.6 Experimental Work

10.7 Other Plasma Antenna Prototypes

10.8 Plasma Antenna Thermal Noise

10.9 Current Work Done to Make Plasma Antennas Rugged

10.10 Latest Developments on Plasma Antennas

10.10.1 Theory for Polarization Effect

10.10.2 Generation of Dense Plasmas at Low Average Power Input by Power Pulsing

10.10.3 Fabry-Perot Resonator for Faster Operation of the Smart Plasma Antenna

References

11 Numerical Methods in Antenna Modeling

11.1 Time-Domain Modeling

11.1.1 FDTD and FETD: Basic Considerations

11.1.2 UWB Antenna Problems in Complex Media

11.1.3 PML Absorbing Boundary Condition

11.1.4 A PML-FDTD Algorithm for Dispersive, Inhomo geneous Media

11.1.5 A PML-FETD Algorithm for Dispersive, Inhomogeneous Media

11.1.6 Examples

11.1.7 Dual-Polarized UWB-HFBT Antenna

11.1.8 Time-Domain Modeling of Metamaterials

11.2 Frequency-Domain FEM

11.2.1 Weak Formulation of Time-Harmonic Wave Equation

11.2.2 Geometry Modeling and Finite-Element Representations

11.2.3 Vector Finite Elements

11.2.4 Computation of FEM Matrices

11.2.5 Feed Modeling

11.2.6 Calculation of Radiation Properties of Antennas

11.2.7 An FEM Example: Broadband Vivaldi Antenna

11.3 Conformal Domain Decomposition Method

11.3.1 Notation

11.3.2 Interior Penalty Based Domain Decomposition Method

11.3.3 Discrete Formulation

11.3.4 Numerical Results

Reference

Index