Engineering Thermodynamics of Thermal Radiation: for Solar Power Utilization

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Engineering Thermodynamics of Thermal Radiation: for Solar Power Utilization

Engineering Thermodynamics of Thermal Radiation: for Solar Power Utilization

Authors: Richard Petela

Published: January 2010

eISBN: 9780071639637 0071639632 | ISBN: 9780071639620

Contents

Preface

1 Introduction

1.1 Objective and Scope of this Book

1.2 General Thermodynamic Definitions

2 Definitions and Laws of Substance

2.1 Equation of State

2.2 State Parameters of Substance

2.2.1 Pressure

2.2.2 Temperature

2.3 Energy of Substance

2.4 Energy Transfer

2.4.1 Work

2.4.2 Heat

2.5 Entropy of Substance

2.6 Exergy of Substance

2.6.1 Traditional Exergy

2.6.2 Gravitational Interpretation of Exergy

2.6.3 Exergy Annihilation Law

2.6.4 Exergy Transfer During Heat and Work

2.7 Chemical Exergy of Substance

Nomenclature for Chapter 2

3 Definitions and Laws of Radiation

3.1 Radiation Source

3.2 Radiant Properties of Surfaces

3.3 Definitions of the Radiation of Surfaces

3.4 Planck’s Law

3.5 Wien’s Displacement Law

3.6 Stefan–Boltzmann Law

3.7 Lambert’s Cosine Law

3.8 Kirchhoff’s Law

Nomenclature for Chapter 3

4 The Laws of Thermodynamic Analysis

4.1 Outline of Thermodynamic Analysis

4.1.1 Significance of Thermodynamic Analysis

4.1.2 General Remarks and Definition of the Considered Systems

4.2 Substance and Mass Conservation

4.3 Energy Conservation Law

4.3.1 Energy Balance Equations

4.3.2 Components of the Energy Balance Equation

4.4 Entropy Growth

4.5 Exergy Balance Equation

4.5.1 Traditional Exergy Balance

4.5.2 Components of the Traditional Exergy Balance Equation

4.5.3 Exergy Balance at Varying Environment Parameters

4.5.4 Exergy Balance with Gravity Input

4.6 Process Efficiency

4.6.1 Carnot Efficiency

4.6.2 Perfection Degree of Process

4.6.3 Specific Efficiencies

4.6.4 Remarks on the Efficiency of Radiation Conversion

4.6.5 Consumption Indices

4.7 Method of Reconciliation of the Measurement Data

Nomenclature for Chapter 4

5 Thermodynamic Properties of Photon Gas

5.1 Nature of Photon Gas

5.2 Temperature of Photon Gas

5.3 Energy of Photon Gas

5.4 Pressure of Photon Gas

5.5 Entropy of Photon Gas

5.6 Isentropic Process of Photon Gas

5.7 Exergy of Photon Gas

5.8 Mixing Photon Gases

5.9 Analogies Between Substance and Photon Gases

Nomenclature for Chapter 5

6 Exergy of Emission

6.1 Basic Explanations

6.2 Derivation of the Emission Exergy Formula

6.3 Analysis of the Formula of the Exergy of Emission

6.4 Efficiency of Radiation Processes

6.4.1 Radiation-to-Work Conversion

6.4.2 Radiation-to-Heat Conversion

6.4.3 Other Processes Driven by Radiation

6.5 Irreversibility of Radiative Heat Transfer

6.6 Irreversibility of Emission and Absorption of Radiation

6.7 Influence of Surroundings on the Radiation Exergy

6.7.1 Emissivity of the Environment

6.7.2 Configuration of Surroundings

6.7.3 Presence of Other Surfaces

6.8 “Cold” Radiation

6.9 Radiation Exergy at Varying Environmental Temperatures

6.10 Radiation of Surface of Nonuniform Temperature

6.10.1 Emission Exergy at Continuous Surface Temperature Distribution

6.10.2 Effective Temperature of a Nonisothermal Surface

Nomenclature for Chapter 6

7 Radiation Flux

7.1 Energy of Radiation Flux

7.2 Entropy of Radiation Flux

7.2.1 Entropy of the Monochromatic Intensity of Radiation

7.2.2 Entropy of Emission from a Black Surface

7.2.3 Entropy of Arbitrary Radiosity

7.3 Exergy of Radiation Flux

7.3.1 Arbitrary Radiation

7.3.2 Polarized Radiation

7.3.3 Nonpolarized Radiation

7.3.4 Nonpolarized and Uniform Radiation

7.3.5 Nonpolarized, Uniform Radiation in a Solid Angle 2π

7.3.6 Nonpolarized, Black, Uniform Radiation in a Solid Angle 2π

7.3.7 Nonpolarized, Black, Uniform Radiation Within a Solid Angle ω

7.4 Propagation of Radiation

7.4.1 Propagation in a Vacuum

7.4.2 Some Remarks on Propagation in a Real Medium

7.5 Radiation Exergy Exchange Between Surfaces

7.5.1 View Factor

7.5.2 Emission Exergy Exchange Between Two Black Surfaces

7.5.3 Exergy Exchange Between Two Gray Surfaces

7.6 Exergy of Solar Radiation

7.6.1 Significance of Solar Radiation

7.6.2 Possibility of Concentration of Solar Radiation

Nomenclature for Chapter 7

8 Radiation Spectra of a Surface

8.1 Introductory Remarks

8.2 Energy Radiation Spectrum of a Surface

8.3 Entropy Radiation Spectrum of a Surface

8.4 Radiation Exergy Derived from Exergy Definition

8.5 Exergy Radiation Spectrum of a Surface

8.5.1 Spectrum of a Black Surface

8.5.2 Spectrum of a Gray Surface

8.5.3 Exergetic Emissivity

8.6 Application of Exergetic Spectra for Exergy Exchange Calculation

8.7 Conclusion

Nomenclature for Chapter 8

9 Discussion of Radiation Exergy Formulae Proposed by Researchers

9.1 Polemic Addressees

9.2 What Work Represents Exergy?

9.3 Is Radiation Matter Heat?

9.4 Bejan’s Discussion

9.5 Discussion by Wright et al.

9.6 Other Authors

9.7 Summary

Nomenclature for Chapter 9

10 Thermodynamic Analysis of Heat from the Sun

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Global Warming Effect

10.3 Effect of a Canopy

10.4 Evaluation of Solar Radiation Conversion into Heat

10.5 Thermodynamic Analysis of the Solar Cylindrical–Parabolic Cooker

10.5.1 Introductory Remarks

10.5.2 Description of the SCPC

10.5.3 Mathematical Model for Energy Analysis of the SCPC

10.5.4 Mathematical Consideration of the Exergy Analysis of an SCPC

10.5.5 Conclusion Regarding the Solar Cylindrical–Parabolic Cooker

Nomenclature for Chapter 10

11 Thermodynamic Analysis of a Solar Chimney Power Plant

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Description of the Plant as the Thermodynamic Problem

11.3 The Main Assumptions for the Simplified Mathematical Model of the SCPP

11.4 Energy Analysis

11.5 Exergy Analysis

11.6 Exergy Analysis Using the Mechanical Exergy Component for a Substance

11.7 Trends of Response for the Varying Input Parameters

Nomenclature for Chapter 11

12 Thermodynamic Analysis of Photosynthesis

12.1 Objectives of the Chapter

12.2 Simplified Description of Photosynthesis

12.3 Some Earlier Work about Photosynthesis

12.4 Assumptions Defining the Simplified Mathematical Model of Photosynthesis

12.5 Properties of Substance

12.5.1 Energy of Substance

12.5.2 Entropy of Substance

12.5.3 Exergy of Substance

12.6 Radiation Properties

12.6.1 Energy of Radiation

12.6.2 Entropy of Radiation

12.6.3 Exergy of Radiation

12.7 Balances Equations

12.7.1 Mass Conservation Equations

12.7.2 Energy Equation

12.7.3 Entropy Equation

12.7.4 Exergy Equations

12.8 Perfection Degrees of Photosynthesis

12.9 Some Aspects Inspired by the Example Calculations

12.9.1 Trends Responsive to Varying Input Parameters

12.9.2 Relation Between the Environment Temperature, Leaf Temperature, and Rate of Sugar Generation

12.9.3 Ratio of Vaporized Water and Assimilated Carbon Dioxide Rates

12.9.4 Exergy Losses in the Component Processes of Photosynthesis

12.9.5 Increased Carbon Dioxide Concentration in the Leaf Surroundings

12.9.6 Remarks on the Photosynthesis Degree of Perfection

12.10 Concluding Remarks

Nomenclature for Chapter 12

13 Thermodynamic Analysis of the Photovoltaic

13.1 Significance of the Photovoltaic

13.2 General Description of the Photovoltaic

13.3 Simplified Thermodynamic Analysis of a Solar Cell

Nomenclature for Chapter 13

References

Appendix

A.1 Prefixes to Derive Names of Secondary Units

A.2 Typical Constant Values for Radiation and Substance

A.3 Application of Mathematics to Some Thermodynamic Relations

A.4 Review of Some Radiation Energy Variables

A.5 Review of Some Radiation Entropy Variables

A.6 Review of Some Radiation Exergy Variables

A.7 Exergy of Liquid Water

Index