Schaum's Outline of Biochemistry, Third Edition | Schaum's Outline

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Schaum's Outline of Biochemistry, Third Edition

Schaum's Outline of Biochemistry, Third Edition

Authors: Philip Kuchel, Simon Easterbrook-Smith, Vanessa Gysbers, J. Mitchell Guss, Dale P. Hancock, Jill M. Johnston, Alan Jones and Jacqui M. Matthews

Published: July 2011

eISBN: 9780071641043 0071641041 | ISBN: 9780071472272

Contents

Chapter 1 Cell Ultrastructure

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Methods of Studying the Structure and Function of Cells

1.3 Subcellular Organelles

1.4 Cell Types

1.5 The Structural Hierarchy in Cells

Chapter 2 The Milieux of Living Systems

2.1 Biomolecules

2.2 Interactions between Biomolecules—Chemical Bonds

2.3 The Cellular Environment

2.4 The Aqueous Environment

2.5 Acids and Bases

2.6 Buffers

2.7 Thermodynamics

2.8 Free Energy and Equilibrium

2.9 Oxidation and Reduction

2.10 Osmotic Pressure

2.11 Thermodynamics Applied to Living Systems

2.12 Classification of Biochemical Reactions

Chapter 3 Building Blocks of Life

3.1 Carbohydrates—General

3.2 The Structure of D-Glucose

3.3 Other Important Monosaccharides

3.4 The Glycosidic Bond

3.5 Lipids—Overview

3.6 Fatty Acids

3.7 Glycerolipids

3.8 Sphingolipids

3.9 Lipids Derived from Isoprene (Terpenes)

3.10 Bile Acids and Bile Salts

3.11 Behavior of Lipids in Water

3.12 Nucleic Acids—General

3.13 Pyrimidines and Purines

3.14 Nucleosides

3.15 Nucleotides

3.16 Structure of DNA

3.17 DNA Sequencing

3.18 DNA Melting

3.19 Structure and Types of RNA

3.20 Amino Acids—General

3.21 Naturally Occurring Amino Acids of Proteins

3.22 Acid-Base Behavior of Amino Acids

3.23 The Peptide Bond

3.24 Amino Acid Analysis

3.25 Reactions of Cysteine

Chapter 4 Proteins

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Types of Protein Structure

4.3 Hierarchy of Protein Structure

4.4 Determining Sequences of Amino Acids in Proteins

4.5 Descriptions of Protein Structure

4.6 Restrictions on Shapes that Protein Molecules can Adopt

4.7 Regular Repeating Structures

4.8 Posttranslational Modification

4.9 Protein Folding

4.10 Hemoglobin

4.11 Methods for Determining Protein Structure

4.12 Comparing and Viewing Protein Structures

4.13 Purification and Chemical Characterization of Proteins

4.14 Biophysical Characterization of Proteins

Chapter 5 Regulation of Reaction Rates: Enzymes

5.1 Definition of an Enzyme

5.2 RNA Catalysis

5.3 Enzyme Classification

5.4 Modes of Enhancement of Rates of Bond Cleavage

5.5 Rate Enhancement and Activation Energy

5.6 Site-Directed Mutagenesis

5.7 Enzyme Kinetics—Introduction and Definitions

5.8 Dependence of Enzyme Reaction Rate on Substrate Concentration

5.9 Graphical Evaluation of K[sub(m)] and V[sub(max)]

5.10 Mechanistic Basis of the Michaelis-Menten Equation

5.11 Mechanisms of Enzyme Inhibition

5.12 Regulatory Enzymes

Chapter 6 Signal Transduction

6.1 Introduction

6.2 General Mechanisms of Signal Transduction

6.3 Classification of Receptors

6.4 Common Themes in Signaling Pathways

6.5 Complications in Signaling Pathways

6.6 Signaling from Cytokine Receptors: the JAK:STAT Pathway

6.7 Signaling from Growth Factor Receptors

6.8 Signaling from G Protein-Coupled Receptors

Chapter 7 The Flow of Genetic Information

7.1 Molecular Basis of Genetics

7.2 The Genome

7.3 Base Composition of Genomes

7.4 Genomic-Code Sequences

7.5 Genome Complexity

7.6 Other Noncoding DNA Species

7.7 Noncoding RNA

7.8 Nonnuclear Genetic Molecules

7.9 Genome Packaging

7.10 Chromosome Characteristics

7.11 Molecular Aspects of DNA Packing

Chapter 8 DNA Replication and Repair

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Chemistry of DNA Replication

8.3 Semiconservative Nature of DNA Replication

8.4 DNA Replication in Bacteria

8.5 Initiation of DNA Replication in Bacteria

8.6 Elongation of Bacterial DNA

8.7 Termination of Bacterial DNA Replication

8.8 DNA Replication in Eukaryotes

8.9 Repair of Damaged DNA

8.10 Techniques of Molecular Biology Based on DNA Replication

Chapter 9 Transcription and Translation

9.1 Introduction

9.2 The Genetic Code

9.3 DNA Transcription in Bacteria

9.4 DNA Transcription in Eukaryotes

9.5 Transcription Factors

9.6 Processing the RNA Transcript

9.7 Inhibitors of Transcription

9.8 The mRNA Translation Machinery

9.9 RNA Translation in Bacteria

9.10 RNA Translation in Eukaryotes

9.11 Inhibitors of Translation

9.12 Posttranslational Modification of Proteins

9.13 Control of Gene Expression

9.14 Techniques to Measure Gene Expression

9.15 Techniques to Study Gene Function

Chapter 10 Molecular Basis of Energy Balance

10.1 Introduction to Metabolism

10.2 Anabolism and Catabolism

10.3 ATP as the Energy Currency of Living Systems

10.4 Extracting Energy from Fuel Molecules: Oxidation

10.5 β-Oxidation Pathway for Fatty Acids

10.6 Glycolytic Pathway

10.7 Krebs Cycle

10.8 Generation of ATP

10.9 Interconnection between Energy Expenditure and Oxidation of Fuel Molecules

10.10 Inhibitors of ATP Synthesis

10.11 Details of the Molecular Machinery of ATP Synthesis

10.12 Whole Body Energy Balance

Chapter 11 Fate of Dietary Carbohydrate

11.1 Sources of Dietary Carbohydrate

11.2 Nomenclature of Carbohydrates

11.3 Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrates

11.4 Blood Glucose Homeostasis

11.5 Regulation of Glycogen Production

11.6 Glycolysis

11.7 The Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex

11.8 Krebs Cycle Flux

11.9 Metabolic Shuttles

11.10 Lipogenesis

11.11 Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP)

11.12 Metabolism of Two Other Monosaccharides

11.13 Food Partitioning

Chapter 12 Fate of Dietary Lipids

12.1 Definitions and Nomenclature

12.2 Sources of Dietary Triglycerides

12.3 Digestion of Dietary Triglyceride

12.4 Transport of Dietary Triglycerides to Tissues

12.5 Uptake of Triglycerides into Tissues

12.6 Export of Triglyceride and Cholesterol from the Liver

12.7 Transport of Cholesterol from Tissues

12.8 Cholesterol Synthesis

12.9 Cholesterol and Heart Disease

12.10 Strategies for Lowering Blood Cholesterol

12.11 Cellular Roles of Cholesterol

Chapter 13 Fuel Storage, Distribution, and Usage

13.1 Fuel Stores

13.2 Fuel Usage in Starvation

13.3 Mechanism of Glycogenolysis in Liver

13.4 Mechanism of Lipolysis

13.5 Fatty-Acid-Induced Inhibition of Glucose Oxidation

13.6 Glucose Recycling

13.7 De Novo Glucose Synthesis

13.8 Ketone Body Synthesis and Oxidation

13.9 Starvation and Exercise

13.10 Control of Muscle Glycogen

13.11 Anaerobic Glycogen Usage

13.12 "Buying Time" with Creatine Phosphate

Chapter 14 Processing of Nitrogen Compounds

14.1 Synthesis and Dietary Sources of Amino Acids

14.2 Digestion of Proteins

14.3 Dynamics of Amino Acid Metabolism

14.4 Pyrimidine and Purine Metabolism

14.5 One-Carbon Compounds

14.6 Porphyrin Synthesis

14.7 Amino Acid Catabolism

14.8 Disposal of Excess Nitrogen

14.9 Metabolism of Foreign Compounds

Index