Mechanisms and Mechanical Devices Sourcebook, 5th Edition

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Mechanisms and Mechanical Devices Sourcebook, 5th Edition

Mechanisms and Mechanical Devices Sourcebook, 5th Edition

Authors: Neil Sclater

Published: July 2011

eISBN: 9780071704410 0071704418 | ISBN: 9780071704427

Contents

Preface

Chapter 1 Basics of Mechanisms

Introduction

Physical Principles

Efficiency of Machines

Mechanical Advantage

Velocity Ratio

Inclined Plane

Pulley Systems

Screw-Type Jack

Levers and Mechanisms

Levers

Winches, Windlasses, and Capstans

Linkages

Simple Planar Linkages

Specialized Linkages

Straight-Line Generators

Rotary/Linear Linkages

Specialized Mechanisms

Gears and Gearing

Simple Gear Trains

Compound Gear Trains

Gear Classification

Practical Gear Configurations

Gear Tooth Geometry

Gear Terminology

Gear Dynamics Terminology

Pulleys and Belts

Sprockets and Chains

Cam Mechanisms

Classification of Cam Mechanisms

Cam Terminology

Clutch Mechanisms

Externally Controlled Friction Clutches

Externally Controlled Positive Clutches

Internally Controlled Clutches

Glossary of Common Mechanical Terms

Chapter 2 Motion Control Systems

Motion Control Systems Overview

Glossary of Motion Control Terms

Mechanical Components Form Specialized Motion-Control Systems

Servomotors, Stepper Motors, and Actuators for Motion Control

Servosystem Feedback Sensors

Solenoids and Their Applications

Chapter 3 Stationary and Mobile Robots

Introduction to Robots

The Robot Defined

Stationary Autonomous Industrial Robots

Some Robot History

The Worldwide Robot Market

Industrial Robots

Industrial Robot Advantages

Industrial Robot Characteristics

Industrial Robot Geometry

Four Different ABB Industrial Robots

IRB 2400

IRB 6400RF

IRB 6640

IRB 7600

Autonomous and Semiautonomous Mobile Robots

Options for Communication and Control

Land-based Mobile Robots Can Scout and Retrieve

Submersible Mobile Robots Can Search and Explore

Robotic Aircraft (Drones) Can Search and Destroy

Planetary Exploration Robots Can Examine and Report

Laboratory/Scientific Robots Can Mimic Human Behavior

Commercial Robots Can Deliver and Retrieve Goods

Consumer Robots Clean Floors and Mow Lawns

Some Robots Entertain or Educate

Seven Mobile Autonomous and Semiautonomous Robots

Two Robots Have Explored Mars for Six Years

This Robot Will Carry on the Work of Spirit and Opportunity

This Robot Responds to Civil Emergencies

Robot Delivers Hospital Supplies

A Military Remotely-Piloted Aircraft Can Observe and Attack the Enemy

Submarine Robot Searches for Underwater Mines and Obstructions

This System Offers Less Intrusive Surgery and Faster Recovery

Glossary of Robotic Terms

Modified Four-Limbed Robot Is a Better Climber

Six-Legged Robot Crawls on Mesh in Lunar Gravity

Two Robots Anchor Another Traversing Steep Slopes

Six-Legged Robot Can Be Steered While Hopping

Chapter 4 Mechanisms for Renewable Power Generation

Overview of Renewable Energy Sources

Nuclear: The Unlikely Prime Renewable

Alternative Renewable Energy Sources

Baseload and Baseload Demand Power Plants

Windmills: Early Renewable Power Sources

Wind Turbines: Descendents of Windmills

Where Are Wind Turbines Located?

Concentrating Solar Thermal (CST) Systems

Parabolic Trough Mirror Solar Thermal (CST) Plants

Power-Tower Solar Thermal (CST) Plants

Linear Fresnel Reflector Thermal (CST) Plants

Parabolic Dish Stirling Solar Thermal (CST) Plants

How a Stirling Engine Works

The Outlook for CST Renewable Energy

Harnessing Moving-Water Power

Tidal Electric Power Generation

Ocean-Wave Power Generation

Another Possible Mechanical Hydropower Solution

The Relative Costs of Renewable Energy

Glossary of Wind Turbine Terms

Renewable Energy Resources

Chapter 5 Linkages: Drives and Mechanisms

Four-Bar Linkages and Typical Industrial Applications

Seven Linkages for Transport Mechanisms

Five Linkages for Straight-Line Motion

Six Expanding and Contracting Linkages

Four Linkages for Different Motions

Nine Linkages for Accelerating and Decelerating Linear Motions

Twelve Linkages for Multiplying Short Motions

Four Parallel-Link Mechanisms

Seven Stroke Multiplier Linkages

Nine Force and Stroke Multiplier Linkages

Eighteen Variations of Differential Linkage

Four-Bar Space Mechanisms

Seven Three-Dimensional Linkage Drives

Thirteen Different Toggle Linkage Applications

Hinged Links and Torsion Bushings Soft-Start Drives

Eight Linkages for Band Clutches and Brakes

Design of Crank-and-Rocker Links for Optimum Force Transmission

Design of Four-Bar Linkages for Angular Motion

Multibar Linkages for Curvilinear Motions

Roberts’ Law Helps to Design Alternate Four-Bar Linkages

Design of Slider-Crank Mechanisms

Chapter 6 Gears: Devices, Drives, And Mechanisms

Gears and Eccentric Disk Provide Quick Indexing

Odd-Shaped Planetary Gears Smooth Stop and Go

Cycloid Gear Mechanism Controls Pump Stroke

Gears Convert Rotary-to-Linear Motion

Twin-Motor Planetary Gears Offer Safety and Dual-Speed

Eleven Cycloid Gear Mechanisms

Five Cardan-Gear Mechanisms

Controlled Differential Gear Drives

Flexible Face-Gears Are Efficient High-Ratio Speed Reducers

Rotary Sequencer Gears Turn Coaxially

Planetary Gear Systems

Noncircular Gears Are Balanced for Speed

Sheet-Metal Gears, Sprockets, Worms, and Ratchets for Light Loads

Thirteen Ways Gears and Clutches Can Change Speed Ratios

Gear and Clutch Shifting Mechanisms

Twinworm Gear Drive Offers Bidirectional Output

Bevel and Hypoid Gear Design Prevents Undercutting

Machining Method to Improve Worm Gear Meshing

Geared Speed Reducers Offer One-Way Output

Design of Geared Five-Bar Mechanisms

Equations for Designing Geared Cycloid Mechanisms

Design Curves and Equations for Gear-Slider Mechanisms

Chapter 7 Cam, Geneva, and Ratchet Drives and Mechanisms

Cam-Controlled Planetary Gear System

Five Cam-Stroke-Amplifying Mechanisms

Cam-Curve-Generating Mechanisms

Fifteen Different Cam Mechanisms

Ten Special-Function Cams

Twenty Geneva Drives

Six Modified Geneva Drives

Kinematics of External Geneva Wheels

Kinematics of Internal Geneva Wheels

Star Wheels Challenge Geneva Drives for Indexing

Ratchet-Tooth Speed-Change Drive

Modified Ratchet Drive

Eight Toothless Ratchets

Analysis of Ratchet Wheels

Chapter 8 Clutches and Brakes

Twelve Clutches with External or Internal Control

Spring-Wrapped Clutch Slips at Preset Torque

Controlled-Slip Expands Spring Clutch Applications

Spring Bands Improve Overrunning Clutch

Slip and Bidirectional Clutches Combine to Control Torque

Slip Clutches Serve Many Design Functions

Walking Pressure Plate Delivers Constant Torque

Seven Overrunning Clutches

One-Way Clutch Has Spring-Loaded Pins and Sprags

Roller Clutch Provides Two Output Speeds

Seven Overriding Clutches

Ten Applications for Overrunning Clutches

Eight Sprag Clutch Applications

Six Small Clutches Perform Precise Tasks

Twelve Different Station Clutches

Twelve Applications for Electromagnetic Clutches and Brakes

Chapter 9 Latching, Fastening, and Clamping Devices and Mechanisms

Sixteen Latch, Toggle, and Trigger Devices

Fourteen Snap-Action Devices

Remote Controlled Latch

Toggle Fastener Inserts, Locks, and Releases Easily

Grapple Frees Loads Automatically

Quick-Release Lock Pin Has a Ball Detent

Automatic Brake Locks Hoist When Driving Torque Ceases

Lift-Tong Mechanism Firmly Grips Objects

Perpendicular-Force Latch

Two Quick-Release Mechanisms

Shape-Memory Alloy Devices Release Latches

Ring Springs Clamp Platform Elevator into Position

Cammed Jaws in Hydraulic Cylinder Grip Sheet Metal

Quick-Acting Clamps for Machines and Fixtures

Nine Friction Clamping Devices

Detents for Stopping Mechanical Movements

Twelve Clamping Methods for Aligning Adjustable Parts

Spring-Loaded Chucks and Holding Fixtures

Chapter 10 Chain and Belt Devices and Mechanisms

Twelve Variable-Speed Belt and Chain Drives

Belts and Chains Are Available in Many Different Forms

Change Center Distance without Altering Speed Ratio

Motor Mount Pivots to Control Belt Tension

Ten Roller Chains and Their Adaptations

Twelve Applications for Roller Chain

Six Mechanisms for Reducing Pulsations in Chain Drives

Chapter 11 Spring and Screw Devices and Mechanisms

Flat Springs in Mechanisms

Twelve Ways to Use Metal Springs

Seven Overriding Spring Mechanisms for Low-Torque Drives

Six Spring Motors and Associated Mechanisms

Twelve Air Spring Applications

Novel Applications for Different Springs

Applications for Belleville Springs

Vibration Control with Spring Linkage

Twenty Screw Devices

Ten Applications for Screw Mechanisms

Seven Special Screw Arrangements

Fourteen Spring and Screw Adjusting Devices

A Long-Stroke, High-Resolution Linear Actuator

Chapter 12 Shaft Couplings and Connections

Four Couplings for Parallel Shafts

Links and Disks Couple Offset Shafts

Disk-and-Link Couplings Simplify Torque Transmission

Interlocking Space-Frames Flex as They Transmit Shaft Torque

Coupling with Off-Center Pins Connects Misaligned Shafts

Universal Joint Transmits Torque 45° at Constant Speed

Ten Universal Shaft Couplings

Nineteen Methods for Coupling Rotating Shafts

Five Different Pin-and-Link Couplings

Ten Different Splined Connections

Fourteen Ways to Fasten Hubs to Shafts

Polygon Shapes Provide Superior Connections

Chapter 13 Motion-Specific Devices, Mechanisms, and Machines

Timing Belts, Four-Bar Linkage Team Up for Smooth Indexing

Ten Indexing and Intermittent Mechanisms

Twenty-Seven Rotary-to-Reciprocating Motion and Dwell Mechanisms

Five Friction Mechanisms for Intermittent Rotary Motion

Nine Different Ball Slides for Linear Motion

Ball-Bearing Screws Convert Rotary to Linear Motion

Nineteen Arrangements for Changing Linear Motion

Eight Adjustable-Output Mechanisms

Four Different Reversing Mechanisms

Ten Mechanical Computing Mechanisms

Nine Different Mechanical Power Amplifiers

Forty-Three Variable-Speed Drives and Transmissions

Ten Variable-Speed Friction Drives

Four Drives Convert Oscillating Motion to One-Way Rotation

Eighteen Different Liquid and Vacuum Pumps

Ten Different Pump Designs Explained

Glossary of Pump Terms

Bearingless Motor-Generators Have Higher Speed and Longer Life

Energy Exchange in Seawater Desalination Boosts Efficiency

Two-Cycle Engine Improves Efficiency and Performance

Chapter 14 Packaging, Conveying, Handling, and Safety Mechanisms and Machines

Fifteen Devices That Sort, Feed, or Weigh

Seven Cutting Mechanisms

Two Flipping Mechanisms

One Vibrating Mechanism

Seven Basic Parts Selectors

Eleven Parts-Handling Mechanisms

Seven Automatic-Feed Mechanisms

Fifteen Conveyor Systems for Production Machines

Seven Traversing Mechanisms for Winding Machines

Vacuum Pickup for Positioning Pills

Machine Applies Labels from Stacks or Rollers

Twenty High-Speed Machines for Applying Adhesives

Twenty-Four Automatic Mechanisms for Stopping Unsafe Machines

Six Automatic Electrical Circuits for Stopping Textile Machines

Six Automatic Mechanisms for Assuring Safe Machine Operation

Chapter 15 Torque, Speed, Tension, and Limit Control Systems

Applications of the Differential Winch to Control Systems

Six Ways to Prevent Reverse Rotation

Caliper Brakes Keep Paper Tension in Web Presses

Control System for Paper Cutting

Warning System Prevents Overloading of Boom

Lever System Monitors Cable Tension

Eight Torque-Limiters Protect Light-Duty Drives

Thirteen Limiters Prevent Overloading

Seven Ways to Limit Shaft Rotation

Mechanical Systems for Controlling Tension and Speed

Nine Drives for Controlling Tension

Limit Switches in Machinery

Nine Automatic Speed Governors

Eight Speed Control Devices for Mechanisms

Cable-Braking System Limits Descent Rate

Chapter 16 Instruments and Controls: Pneumatic, Hydraulic, Electric, and Electronic

Twenty-Four Mechanisms Actuated by Pneumatic or Hydraulic Cylinders

Foot-Controlled Braking System

Fifteen Tasks for Pneumatic Power

Ten Applications for Metal Diaphragms and Capsules

Nine Differential Transformer Sensors

High-Speed Electronic Counters

Applications for Permanent Magnets

Nine Electrically Driven Hammers

Sixteen Thermostatic Instruments and Controls

Eight Temperature-Regulating Controls

Seven Photoelectric Controls

Liquid Level Indicators and Controllers

Applications for Explosive-Cartridge Devices

Centrifugal, Pneumatic, Hydraulic, and Electric Governors

Chapter 17 3D Digital Prototypes and Simulation

Introduction to 3D Digital Prototypes and Simulation

A Short History of Engineering Drawing

Transition from Board to Screen

CAD Product Features

3D Digital Prototypes vs. Rapid Prototyping

The Ongoing Role of 2D Drawings

Functions of Tools in 3D Digital Prototype Software

File Types for 3D Digital Prototypes

Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE)

Simulation Software

Simulated Stress Analysis

Glossary of Computer-Aided Design Terms

Chapter 18 Rapid Prototyping

Rapid Prototyping Focuses on Building Functional Parts

Rapid Prototyping Steps

Commercial Rapid Prototyping Choices

Commercial Additive RP Processes

Subtractive and R&D Laboratory Processes

Chapter 19 New Directions in Mechanical Engineering

The Role of Microtechnology in Mechanical Engineering

Micromachines Open a New Frontier for Machine Design

Multilevel Fabrication Permits More Complex and Functional MEMS

Electron Microscopes: Key Tools in Micro- and Nanotechnology

Gallery of MEMS Electron-Microscope Images

MEMS Actuators—Thermal and Electrostatic

MEMS Chips Become Integrated Microcontrol Systems

Alternative Materials for Building MEMS

LIGA: An Alternative Method for Making Microminiature Parts

The Role of Nanotechnology in Science and Engineering

Carbon: An Engineering Material with a Future

Nanoactuators Based on Electrostatic Forces on Dielectrics

The Lunar Electric Rover: A New Concept for Moon Travel

Index