Design of Urban Stormwater Controls, MOP 23

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Design of Urban Stormwater Controls, MOP 23

Design of Urban Stormwater Controls, MOP 23

Authors: Water Environment Federation and American Society of Civil Engineers/ Enviornmental & Water Resources Insitute

Published: May 2012

eISBN: 9780071704434 0071704434 | ISBN: 9780071704441

Contents

List of Figures

List of Tables

Preface

Chapter 1 Introduction

1.0 Urban Stormwater Management Overview

2.0 References

Chapter 2 Effects of Stormwater on Receiving Waters

1.0 Effects of Urbanization on Water Quantity

2.0 Effects of Stormwater Control Practices on Water Quantity

3.0 Effects of Urbanization on Water Quality

4.0 Effects of Stormwater Control Practices on Water Quality

5.0 Effects of Urbanization on Channel Form

6.0 Effects of Stormwater Control Practices on Channel Form

7.0 Effects of Urbanization on Aquatic Biota

8.0 Effects of Stormwater Control Practices on Aquatic Biota

9.0 Summary

10.0 References

11.0 Suggested Readings

Chapter 3 Performance Goals for Stormwater Controls

1.0 Introduction

1.1 Basic Concepts of Stormwater Control

1.2 Relationship between Stormwater Control Objectives and Performance Goals

1.3 Methods for Establishing Performance Criteria

2.0 Methods for Establishing Watershed-Based Performance Criteria

3.0 Methods for Establishing Technology-Based Performance Criteria

3.1 Step 1: Establish Goals

3.2 Step 2: Define the Desired Level of Control

3.3 Step 3: Select Design Precipitation

3.4 Step 4: Define Capture Volumes and Release Rates

4.0 A Note about Water Quality Treatment Effectiveness

5.0 Concluding Remarks

6.0 References

Chapter 4 Unit Processes and Operations for Stormwater Control

1.0 Introduction

2.0 Application of Unit Processes and Operations Concepts

2.1 Unit Processes

2.2 Unit Operations

2.3 Systems

2.4 Taxonomy of Stormwater Controls

3.0 Unit Processes for Quantity Control

3.1 Peak Flow Attenuation

3.2 Runoff Volume Reduction

4.0 Unit Processes for Quality Control

4.1 Sedimentation

4.2 Flotation

4.3 Laminar Separation

4.4 Swirl Concentration

4.5 Sorption

4.6 Precipitation

4.7 Coagulation

4.8 Filtration

4.9 Biological Processes

4.10 Temperature Reduction

4.11 Disinfection

4.12 Screening

5.0 Concluding Remarks

6.0 References

7.0 Suggested Readings

Chapter 5 Selection Criteria and Design Considerations

1.0 Introduction

2.0 Understanding Goals and Design Criteria

2.1 Planning Considerations

2.2 Goals for Stormwater Management

2.3 Enforcement

3.0 Understanding and Protecting Site Resources

3.1 Headwater Streams

3.2 Wetlands

3.3 Floodplains

3.4 Riparian Buffers

3.5 Existing Forests and Vegetation

3.6 Native Soil Structure

3.7 Steep Slopes

4.0 Identification of Source Controls

4.1 Runoff Source Controls

4.2 Pollutant Source Control

4.3 Runoff Conveyance and Diversions

5.0 Selection of Structural Controls

5.1 System Configuration Principles

5.2 Constraints

6.0 Implementation and Performance Monitoring

6.1 Construction Sequencing and Inspection

6.2 Monitoring

7.0 References

8.0 Suggested Readings

Chapter 6 Basins

1.0 Description

2.0 Design Principles

2.1 Sediment Storage Considerations

2.2 Basin Geometry

2.3 Physical Site Suitability

3.0 Cisterns and Rain Barrels

3.1 Typical Applications

3.2 Limitations

3.3 Design Procedure and Criteria

3.4 Aesthetic and Safety Considerations

3.5 Access and Maintenance Features

4.0 Forebays

4.1 Typical Applications

4.2 Limitations

4.3 Design Procedure and Criteria

4.4 Aesthetic and Safety Considerations

4.5 Access and Maintenance Features

5.0 Vaults and Swirl Concentrators

5.1 Typical Applications

5.2 Limitations

5.3 Design Procedure and Criteria

5.4 Aesthetic and Safety Considerations

5.5 Access and Maintenance Features

6.0 Oil and Water Separators

6.1 Typical Applications

6.2 Limitations

6.3 Design Procedure and Criteria

6.4 Aesthetic and Safety Considerations

6.5 Access and Maintenance Features

7.0 Dry Basins

7.1 Typical Applications

7.2 Limitations

7.3 Design Procedure and Criteria

7.4 Aesthetic and Safety Considerations

7.5 Access and Maintenance Features

7.6 Dry Basin Design Example

8.0 Wet Basins

8.1 Typical Applications

8.2 Limitations

8.3 Design Procedure and Criteria

8.4 Aesthetic and Safety Considerations

8.5 Access and Maintenance Features

9.0 Wetlands

9.1 Typical Applications

9.2 Limitations

9.3 Design Procedure and Criteria

9.4 Aesthetic and Safety Considerations

9.5 Access and Maintenance Features

10.0 References

11.0 Suggested Readings

Chapter 7 Swales and Strips

1.0 Description

2.0 Basic Design Principles

2.1 Typical Applications

2.2 Limitations

2.3 Design Criteria

3.0 Swales

3.1 Typical Applications

3.2 Limitations

3.3 Design Procedure and Criteria

3.4 Aesthetic and Safety Considerations

3.5 Access and Maintenance Features

3.6 Design Example

4.0 Strips

4.1 Typical Applications

4.2 Limitations

4.3 Design Procedure and Criteria

4.4 Aesthetic and Safety Considerations

4.5 Access and Maintenance Features

4.6 Design Example

5.0 References

6.0 Suggested Readings

Chapter 8 Filters

1.0 Description

2.0 Design Principles

2.1 Sizing the Filter

2.2 Permeability and Hydraulic Conductivity

2.3 Pretreatment

2.4 Underdrains

2.5 Design of the Filter Bed

2.6 Outlet Structures

2.7 Maintenance Considerations

3.0 Surface Sand Filter

3.1 Typical Applications

3.2 Limitations

3.3 Design Procedure and Criteria

3.4 Aesthetic and Safety Considerations

3.5 Access and Maintenance Features

3.6 Sand Filter Design Example

4.0 Subsurface Sand Filter

4.1 Typical Applications

4.2 Limitations

4.3 Design Procedure and Criteria

4.4 Aesthetic and Safety Considerations

4.5 Access and Maintenance Features

5.0 Bioretention Filter

5.1 Typical Applications

5.2 Limitations

5.3 Design Procedure and Criteria

5.4 Aesthetic and Safety Considerations

5.5 Access and Maintenance Features

5.6 Bioretention Filter Design Example

6.0 Landscaped Roofs

6.1 Typical Applications

6.2 Limitations

6.3 Design Procedure and Criteria

6.4 Aesthetic and Safety Considerations

6.5 Access and Maintenance Features

7.0 Drain Inlet Inserts

7.1 Typical Applications

7.2 Limitations

7.3 Design Procedure and Criteria

7.4 Aesthetic and Safety Considerations

7.5 Access and Maintenance Features

8.0 Manufactured Filters

8.1 Typical Applications

8.2 Limitations

8.3 Design Procedure and Criteria

8.4 Aesthetic and Safety Considerations

8.5 Access and Maintenance Features

9.0 Subsurface Gravel Wetland

9.1 Typical Applications

9.2 Limitations

9.3 Design Procedure and Criteria

9.4 Aesthetic and Safety Considerations

9.5 Access and Maintenance Features

9.6 Subsurface Gravel Wetland Design Example

10.0 References

Chapter 9 Infiltrators

1.0 Description

2.0 Design Principles

2.1 Physical Site Suitability

2.2 Hydraulic Control

2.3 Unit Processes

2.4 Limitations

2.5 Design Capture Volume

2.6 Soil Infiltration and Storage Properties

2.7 Arid or Semiarid Climates

2.8 Cold Climates

2.9 Groundwater Contamination Potential

2.10 Karst Terrain

2.11 Urban Soils

2.12 Estimating the Life Span of Infiltrators

3.0 Infiltration Basins

3.1 Typical Applications

3.2 Limitations

3.3 Design Procedure and Criteria

3.4 Aesthetic and Safety Considerations

3.5 Access and Maintenance Features

3.6 Design Example

4.0 Infiltration Trenches and Vaults

4.1 Typical Applications

4.2 Limitations

4.3 Design Procedure and Criteria

4.4 Aesthetic and Safety Considerations

4.5 Access and Maintenance Features

4.6 Design Example

5.0 Dry Wells

5.1 Typical Applications

5.2 Limitations

5.3 Design Procedure and Criteria

5.4 Aesthetic and Safety Considerations

5.5 Access and Maintenance Features

6.0 Permeable Pavement

6.1 Typical Applications

6.2 Limitations

6.3 Design Procedure and Criteria

6.4 Aesthetic and Safety Considerations

6.5 Access and Maintenance Features

7.0 References

8.0 Suggested Readings

Chapter 10 Gross Pollutant Traps and Mechanical Operations

1.0 Basic Design Principles

1.1 Description

1.2 Typical Applications

1.3 Limitations

1.4 Access

1.5 Aesthetic and Safety Considerations

2.0 Screens

2.1 Description

2.2 Typical Applications

2.3 Limitations

2.4 Design Procedure and Criteria

2.5 Aesthetic and Safety Considerations

2.6 Access and Maintenance Features

3.0 Nets

3.1 Description

3.2 Typical Applications

3.3 Limitations

3.4 Design Procedure and Criteria

3.5 Aesthetic and Safety Considerations

3.6 Access and Maintenance Features

4.0 Baskets

4.1 Description

4.2 Typical Applications

4.3 Limitations

4.4 Design Procedure and Criteria

4.5 Aesthetic and Safety Considerations

4.6 Access and Maintenance Features

5.0 Racks

5.1 Description

5.2 Typical Applications

5.3 Limitations

5.4 Design Procedure and Criteria

5.5 Aesthetic and Safety Considerations

5.6 Access and Maintenance Features

5.7 Design Example

6.0 Hoods

6.1 Description

6.2 Typical Applications

6.3 Limitations

6.4 Design Procedure and Criteria

6.5 Aesthetic and Safety Considerations

6.6 Access and Maintenance Features

6.7 Design Example

7.0 References

Chapter 11 Maintenance of Stormwater Controls

1.0 Introduction

1.1 Overview

1.2 Maintenance Requirements and Level of Effort

2.0 General Maintenance Considerations

2.1 Inspection Programs

2.2 As-Built Drawings

2.3 Effects of Construction Activities on Stormwater Control Maintenance

2.4 Vegetation Management

2.5 Sediment Accumulation, Removal, and Disposal

2.6 Liquid Removal and Disposal

2.7 Role of Stormwater Systems and Pretreatment

2.8 Vector and Pest Management

2.9 Privately Owned Low-Impact Development Systems

3.0 Detailed Guidelines for Stormwater Control Maintenance

3.1 Maintenance of Vegetated Swales and Strips

3.2 Basin Maintenance

3.3 Filter Maintenance

3.4 Infiltrator Maintenance

3.5 Catch Basin Cleaning

4.0 Conclusions

5.0 References

Chapter 12 Whole Life Cost of Stormwater Controls

1.0 Whole Life Cost Model

2.0 Capital Costs

2.1 Approach

2.2 Cost Components

2.3 Capital Cost Influences

3.0 Capital Costs for Various Stormwater Controls

3.1 Basin Capital Cost

3.2 Infiltrator Capital Costs

3.3 Capital Costs of Vegetated Swales and Strips

3.4 Filter Capital Costs

4.0 Maintenance Costs for Various Stormwater Controls

4.1 Factors Affecting Cost Estimates

4.2 Vegetated Swales and Strips

4.3 Basins

4.4 Swirl Concentrators and Vaults

4.5 Media Filters

4.6 Bioretention Filters

5.0 Whole Life Cost Summary

5.1 Vegetated Swales and Strips

5.2 Basins

5.3 Filters

5.4 Infiltrator Facilities

6.0 Whole Life Cost Comparison

7.0 Effect of Stormwater Systems on Whole Life Cost

8.0 References

Chapter 13 Performance Assessment

1.0 Introduction

1.1 General Overview

1.2 Practical Considerations

2.0 Overview of Assessment Plan Development

2.1 Formulate Objectives Based on Goals

2.2 Formulate Criteria or Metrics for Satisfying the Objectives

2.3 Establish Assessment Method and Tools

2.4 Establish Data Needs

2.5 Develop Monitoring Plan to Collect Data

3.0 Overview of Assessment Plan Implementation

3.1 Collect Data

3.2 Evaluate Data for Quality and Usefulness

3.3 Apply Data to Assess Performance

3.4 Reporting

4.0 Formulating Objectives and Assessment Criteria or Metrics

4.1 Considerations for Evaluating Stormwater Control Performance

4.2 Implication of Stormwater Control Types

4.3 Typical Objectives

4.4 Examples of Criteria or Metrics

5.0 Assessment Methods

5.1 Qualitative Methods

5.2 Quantitative Methods

5.3 Parametric Analysis of Variance

5.4 Nonparametric Methods

6.0 Data and Informational Needs

6.1 Types of Parameters

6.2 Parameters of Interest

6.3 Estimating Minimal Amount of Information

6.4 Existing Data

6.5 Identifying Data Gaps

7.0 Performance Assessment Plan

7.1 Available Resources

7.2 Plan Optimization

7.3 Defining Plan Elements

8.0 Plan Implementation

8.1 Training

8.2 Site Preparation

8.3 Pre-Event Preparation

8.4 Event Monitoring

8.5 Validation of Collected Information and Data

8.6 Plan Assessment

9.0 Reporting Stormwater Control Performance

9.1 Useful Graphical Presentations

9.2 Typical Discussion Points

9.3 Data Reporting Formats

10.0 Statistical Analysis

10.1 Example 1

10.2 Example 2

10.3 Example 3

11.0 References

Chapter 14 Analytical Tools for Simulation of Stormwater Controls

1.0 Introduction—Modeling Needs

2.0 Modeling Processes in Stormwater Controls

2.1 Modeling of Hydrologic and Hydraulic Processes

2.2 Modeling of Water Quality Processes

3.0 Conceptual Models for Stormwater Controls

3.1 Basins

3.2 Gross Pollutant Traps

3.3 Drain Inlet Inserts

3.4 Swales and Strips

3.5 Swirl Concentrators

3.6 Vaults

3.7 Forebays

3.8 Cisterns

3.9 Filters

3.10 Landscaped Roofs

3.11 Bioretention

3.12 Pervious Pavements

4.0 Modeling Approaches

4.1 Hydrologic Models

4.2 Unit Process Models for Stormwater Controls

4.3 Usefulness, Appropriateness, and Reasonableness

4.4 Analytical and Empirical Equations

4.5 Spreadsheet Models

4.6 Models for Individual Controls

4.7 Catchment Models

4.8 Model Reviews

5.0 Selection of a Stormwater Control Model

5.1 Modeling Objectives

5.2 Hydrologic Processes

5.3 Model Scope

5.4 Intended Use

5.5 Modeler Experience

5.6 Complexity

5.7 Spatial and Temporal Considerations

5.8 Performance Considerations

5.9 Preprocessing and Postprocessing Utilities

5.10 Guidance on Model Selection Using a Case Study

6.0 Data Needs

6.1 National Data Sources

6.2 Quality Assurance Program Plans

6.3 Additional Data Collection, Analysis, and Interpretation

7.0 Model Application

7.1 Calibration Process

7.2 Guidance on Calibration Criteria

7.3 Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analyses

7.4 Single Events and Continuous Simulation

7.5 Guidance for Performance Assessment of Individual versus Integrated Controls

7.6 Modeling Operation and Maintenance of Stormwater Controls

7.7 Usefulness and Applicability

7.8 Cost Considerations

7.9 Selection of Controls in a Watershed Context

7.10 Role of Optimization and Decision Support Systems

8.0 Case Studies

8.1 Site-Scale or Subwatershed Example

8.2 Comprehensive Watershed-Scale Example

9.0 Recent Developments in Analytical Tools

9.1 Climate Change

9.2 Sustainability

9.3 Integrated Urban Drainage Modeling

10.0 References

11.0 Suggested Readings

Index