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Cadick, John; Capelli-Schellpfeffer, Mary; Neitzel, Dennis; and Winfield, Al. Electrical Safety Handbook, 4th Edition. US: McGraw-Hill Professional, 2012.

Electrical Safety Handbook, 4th Edition

Authors: John Cadick, Mary Capelli-Schellpfeffer, Dennis Neitzel and Al Winfield

Published:  March 2012

eISBN: 9780071745147 0071745149 | ISBN: 9780071745130
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  • Electrical Safety Handbook
  • About the Authors
  • Contents
  • Foreword
  • Preface
  • Acknowledgments
  • Chapter 1: Hazards of Electricity
  • Introduction
  • Hazard Analysis
  • Shock
  • Description
  • Influencing Factors
  • Arc
  • Definition and Description
  • Arc Energy Release
  • Arc Energy
  • Arc Energy Input
  • Arcing Voltage
  • Arc Surface Area
  • Incident Energy
  • Arc Burns
  • Blast
  • Affected Body Parts
  • General
  • Skin
  • The Nervous System
  • Muscular System
  • The Heart
  • The Pulmonary System
  • Summary of Causes—Injury and Death
  • Shock Effect
  • Arc-Flash Effect
  • Causes of Injury
  • Causes of Death
  • Protective Strategies
  • References
  • Chapter 2: Basic Physics of Electrical Hazards
  • Introduction
  • Electromagnetism
  • Introduction
  • The Four Fundamental Forces (Interactions) of Nature
  • The Electromagnetic Spectrum
  • Electrical Properties of Materials
  • Conductors
  • Nonconductors
  • Physics Considerations in Electrical Fault Conditions
  • Risks
  • Bolted Fault
  • Arcing Fault
  • Review of Foundational Approaches to Interpreting Arcing Phenomena
  • Summary
  • References
  • Chapter 3: Electrical Safety Equipment
  • Introduction
  • General Inspection and Testing Requirements for Electrical Safety Equipment
  • Flash and Thermal Protection
  • A Note on When to Use Thermal Protective Clothing
  • Thermal Performance Evaluation
  • Clothing Materials
  • Non-Flame-Resistant Materials
  • Flame-Resistant Materials
  • Work Clothing
  • Flash Suits
  • Head, Eye, and Hand Protection
  • Head and Eye Protection
  • Hard Hats
  • Safety Glasses, Goggles, and Face Shields
  • Rubber Insulating Equipment
  • Rubber Gloves
  • Rubber Mats
  • Rubber Blankets
  • Rubber Covers
  • Rubber Sleeves
  • In-Service Inspection and Periodic Testing of Rubber Goods
  • Hot Sticks
  • Description and Application
  • When to Use
  • How to Use
  • Testing Requirements
  • Insulated Tools
  • Description and Application
  • When to Use
  • How to Use and Care For
  • Barriers and Signs
  • Barrier Tape
  • Signs
  • When and How to Use
  • Safety Tags, Locks, and Locking Devices
  • Safety Tags
  • Locks and Multiple-Lock Devices
  • Locking Devices
  • When and Where to Use Lockout-Tagout
  • Voltage-Measuring Instruments
  • Safety Voltage Measurement
  • Proximity Testers
  • Contact Testers
  • Selecting Voltage-Measuring Instruments
  • Instrument Condition
  • Low-Voltage Voltmeter Safety Standards
  • Three-Step Voltage Measurement Process
  • General Considerations for Low-Voltage Measuring Instruments
  • Safety Grounding Equipment
  • The Need for Safety Grounding
  • Safety Grounding Switches
  • Safety Grounding Jumpers
  • Selecting Safety Grounding Jumpers
  • Installation and Location
  • Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupters
  • Operating Principles
  • Applications
  • Arc-Fault Circuit Interrupters
  • Safety Electrical One-Line Diagram
  • The Electrician’s Safety Kit
  • References
  • Chapter 4: Safety Procedures and Methods
  • Introduction
  • The Six-Step Safety Method
  • Think—Be Aware
  • Understand Your Procedures
  • Follow Your Procedures
  • Use Appropriate Safety Equipment
  • Ask If You Are Unsure, and Do Not Assume
  • Do Not Answer If You Do Not Know
  • Job Briefings
  • Definition
  • What Should Be Included?
  • When Should JobBriefings Be Held?
  • Energized or De-Energized?
  • The Fundamental Rules
  • A Hot-WorkDecision Tree
  • After the Decision Is Made
  • Safe Switching of Power Systems
  • Introduction
  • Remote Operation
  • Operating Medium-Voltage Switchgear
  • Operating Low-Voltage Switchgear
  • Operating Molded-Case Breakers and Panelboards
  • Operating Enclosed Switches and Disconnects
  • Operating Open-Air Disconnects
  • Operating Motor Starters
  • Energy Control Programs
  • General Energy Control Programs
  • Specific Energy Control Programs
  • Basic Energy Control Rules
  • Lockout-Tagout
  • Definition and Description
  • When to Use Locks and Tags
  • Locks without Tags or Tags without Locks
  • Rules for Using Locks and Tags
  • Responsibilities of Employees
  • Sequence
  • Lock and Tag Application
  • Isolation Verification
  • Removal of Locks and Tags
  • Safety Ground Application
  • Control Transfer
  • Nonemployees and Contractors
  • Lockout-Tagout Training
  • Procedural Reviews
  • Voltage-Measurement Techniques
  • Purpose
  • Instrument Selection
  • Instrument Condition
  • Three-Step Measurement Process
  • What to Measure
  • How to Measure
  • Placement of Safety Grounds
  • Safety Grounding Principles
  • Safety Grounding Location
  • Application of Safety Grounds
  • The Equipotential Zone
  • Removal of Safety Grounds
  • Control of Safety Grounds
  • Flash Hazard Calculations and Approach Distances
  • Introduction
  • Approach Distance Definitions
  • Determining Shock Hazard Approach Distances
  • Calculating the Flash Hazard Minimum Approach Distance (Flash Protection Boundary)
  • Calculating the Required Level of Arc Protection (Flash Hazard Calculations)
  • Introduction
  • The Lee Method
  • Methods Outlined in NFPA 70E
  • IEEE Std 1584-2002
  • Software Solutions
  • Required PPE for Crossing the Flash Hazard Boundary
  • A Simplified Approach to the Selection of Protective Clothing
  • Barriers and Warning Signs
  • Illumination
  • Conductive Clothing and Materials
  • Confined Work Spaces
  • Tools and Test Equipment
  • General
  • Authorized Users
  • Visual Inspections
  • Electrical Tests
  • Wet and Hazardous Environments
  • Field Marking of Potential Hazards
  • The One-Minute Safety Audit
  • References
  • Chapter 5: Grounding and Bonding of Electrical Systems and Equipment
  • Introduction
  • Electric Shock Hazard
  • General Requirements for Grounding and Bonding
  • Grounding of Electrical Systems
  • Grounding of Electrical Equipment
  • Bonding of Electrically Conductive Materials and Other Equipment
  • Performance of Fault Path
  • Arrangement to Prevent Objectionable Current
  • Alterations to Stop Objectionable Current
  • Temporary Currents Not Classified as Objectionable Current
  • Connection of Grounding and Bonding Equipment
  • Protection of Ground Clamps and Fittings
  • Clean Surfaces
  • System Grounding
  • Purposes of System Grounding
  • Grounding Service-Supplied Alternating-Current Systems
  • Conductors to Be Grounded—Alternating-Current Systems
  • Main Bonding Jumper
  • Grounding Electrode System
  • Grounding Electrode System Resistance
  • Grounding Electrode Conductor
  • Grounding Conductor Connection to Electrodes
  • Bonding
  • Equipment Grounding
  • Equipment to Be Grounded
  • Grounding Cord- and Plug-Connected Equipment
  • Equipment Grounding Conductors
  • Sizing Equipment Grounding Conductors
  • Use of Grounded Circuit Conductor for Grounding Equipment
  • Ferroresonance
  • Summary
  • Chapter 6: Electrical Maintenance and its Relationship to Safety
  • Introduction
  • The Safety-Related Case for Electrical Maintenance
  • Overview
  • Regulatory
  • Relationship of Improperly Maintained Electrical Equipment to the Hazards of Electricity
  • Maintenance and the Potential Impact on an Electrical Arc-Flash
  • Hazards Associated with Electrical Maintenance
  • The Economic Case for Electrical Maintenance
  • Reliability-Centered Maintenance (RCM)
  • What Is Reliability-Centered Maintenance?
  • A Brief History of RCM
  • RCM in the Industrial and Utility Arena
  • The Primary RCM Principles
  • Failure
  • Maintenance Actions in an RCM Program
  • Impact of RCM on a Facilities Life Cycle
  • Conclusion
  • The Eight-Step Maintenance Program
  • Introduction
  • Step 1—Plan
  • Step 2—Inspect
  • Step 3—Clean
  • Step 4—Tighten
  • Step 5—Lubricate
  • Step 6—Test
  • Step 7—Record
  • Step 8—Evaluate
  • Summary
  • Frequency of Maintenance
  • Determining Testing Intervals
  • Condition-Based Maintenance (CBM)
  • Introduction
  • The Elements of CBM
  • Data Analysis Methods for CBM
  • Maintenance Requirements for Specific Equipment and Locations
  • General Maintenance Requirements
  • Substations, Switchgear, Panelboards, Motor Control Centers, and Disconnect Switches
  • Fuse Maintenance Requirements
  • Molded-Case Circuit Breakers
  • Low-Voltage Power Circuit Breakers
  • Medium-Voltage Circuit Breakers
  • Protective Relays
  • Rotating Equipment
  • Portable Electric Tools and Equipment
  • Personal Safety and Protective Equipment
  • Electrical Safety by Design
  • Including Safety in Engineering Design Criteria
  • Improved Engineering Standards
  • Conclusion
  • References
  • Chapter 7: Regulatory and Legal Safety Requirements and Standards
  • Introduction
  • The Regulatory Bodies
  • International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
  • American National Standards Institute (ANSI )
  • Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE )
  • National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
  • American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
  • American Society of Safety Engineers (ASSE)
  • Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
  • Other Electrical Safety Organizations
  • The National Electrical Safety Code (NESC)—ANSI C-2
  • General Description
  • Industries and Facilities Covered
  • Technical and Safety Items Covered
  • The National Electrical Code (NEC)—ANSI/NFPA 70
  • General Description
  • Industries and Facilities Covered
  • Technical and Safety Items Covered
  • Electrical Equipment Maintenance—ANSI/NFPA 70B
  • General Description
  • Industries and Facilities Covered
  • Technical and Safety Items Covered
  • Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace —ANSI /NFPA 70E
  • General Description
  • Industries and Facilities Covered
  • Technical and Safety Items Covered
  • American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standards
  • Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Standards
  • Overview
  • General Industry
  • Construction Industry
  • Chapter 8: Accident Prevention, Accident Investigation, Rescue, and First Aid
  • Introduction
  • Accident Prevention
  • Individual Responsibility
  • Installation Safety
  • Power System Studies
  • First Aid
  • General First Aid
  • Resuscitation (Artificial Respiration)
  • Heart-Lung Resuscitation
  • Automated External Defibrillator (AED)
  • How an AED Works
  • When Should an AED Be Used?
  • How to Use an Automated External Defibrillator
  • What Risks Are Associated with Using an Automated External Defibrillator?
  • Key Points about Automated External Defibrillators
  • Rescue Techniques
  • General Rescue Procedures
  • Elevated Rescue
  • Confined-Space Rescue
  • Ground-Level Rescue
  • Accident Investigation
  • Purpose
  • General Rules
  • Data Gathering
  • Accident Analysis
  • Chapter 9: Medical Aspects of Electrical Trauma
  • Introduction
  • Statistical Survey
  • Nonoccupational Electrical Trauma
  • Fatality- and Injury-Related Costs
  • Electrical Events
  • Electrocution and Electrical Fatalities
  • Medical Aspects
  • Nonelectrical Effects in Electrical Events
  • Survivor Experience
  • Worker Reflexes
  • Triage and Medical Evacuation
  • Stabilization and Initial Evaluation
  • Medical and Surgical Intervention
  • Hospitalization Experience
  • Outpatient Care
  • Rehabilitation Focus and Return to Work Planning
  • Reentry to Employment Settings
  • Plateau in Recovery
  • References
  • Further Reading
  • Chapter 10: Low-Voltage Safety Synopsis
  • Introduction
  • Low-Voltage Equipment
  • Extension Cords
  • Electric Hand Tools
  • Current Transformers
  • Grounding Low-Voltage Systems
  • What Is a Ground?
  • Bonding versus Grounding
  • Voltage Hazards
  • System Grounds
  • Equipment Grounds
  • Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupters
  • Arc-Fault Circuit Interrupters
  • Safety Equipment
  • Overview
  • Hard Hats
  • Eye Protection
  • Arc Protection
  • Rubber Insulating Equipment
  • Voltage-Testing Devices
  • Safety Procedures
  • General
  • Approach Distances
  • Voltage Measurement
  • Locking and Tagging
  • Closing Protective Devices After Operation
  • Electrical Safety Around Electronic Circuits
  • The Nature of the Hazard
  • Special Safety Precautions
  • Stationary Battery Safety
  • Introduction
  • Basic Battery Construction
  • Safety Hazards of Stationary Batteries
  • Battery Safety Procedures
  • Electrical Hazards of the Home-Based Business
  • Electrical Hazards in the Home
  • Working Alone
  • Working with Employees
  • Evaluating Electrical Safety
  • Electrical Safety Checklists
  • Electrical Inspections by Professionals
  • Chapter 11: Medium- and High-Voltage Safety Synopsis
  • Introduction
  • High-Voltage Equipment
  • Current Transformers
  • What Is a Ground?
  • Bonding versus Grounding
  • Voltage Hazards
  • System Grounds
  • Equipment Grounds
  • Safety Equipment
  • Overview
  • Hard Hats
  • Eye Protection
  • Arc Protection
  • Rubber Insulating Equipment
  • Voltage-Testing Devices
  • Safety Procedures
  • General
  • Approach Distances
  • Voltage Measurement
  • Locking and Tagging
  • Closing Protective Devices after Operation
  • Chapter 12: Human Factors in Electrical Safety
  • Introduction
  • Overview
  • Defense in Depth
  • Evolution of Human Factors
  • Visualization
  • Cognitive Ergonomics
  • Summary
  • References
  • Recommended Readings
  • Chapter 13: Safety Management and Organizational Structure
  • Introduction
  • Changing the Safety Culture
  • Electrical Safety Program Structure
  • Electrical Safety Program Development
  • Company Electrical Safety Team
  • Company Safety Policy
  • Assessing the Need
  • Problems and Solutions
  • Program Implementation
  • Examples
  • Company Safety Procedures
  • Results Assessment
  • Employee Electrical Safety Teams
  • Reason
  • Method
  • Safety Meetings
  • Who Attends
  • What Material Should Be Covered
  • When Meetings Should Be Held
  • Where Meetings Should Be Held
  • How Long Meetings Should Be
  • Evaluation of Safety Meetings
  • Outage Reports
  • Safety Audits
  • Description
  • Purposes
  • Procedure
  • The Audit Team
  • Audit Tools
  • Follow-Up
  • Internal versus External Audits
  • Chapter 14: Safety Training Methods and Systems
  • Introduction
  • Safety Training Definitions
  • Training Myths
  • Conclusion
  • Comparison of the Four Most Commonly used Methods of Adult Training
  • Introduction
  • Classroom Presentation
  • Computer-Based Training (CBT) and Web-Based Training (WBT)
  • Video Training
  • Conclusion
  • Elements of a Good Training Program
  • Element 1: Classroom Training
  • Element 2: On-the-Job Training (OJT)
  • Element 3: Self-Training
  • Conclusion
  • On-the-Job Training
  • Setup
  • Subtasks
  • Implementation
  • Evaluation
  • Conclusion
  • Training Consultants and Vendors
  • Canned Programs and Materials
  • Tailored Programs
  • Training Analysis
  • Evaluating Training Vendors and Consultants
  • Conclusion
  • Training Program Setup—A Step-By-Step Method
  • Introduction
  • Background
  • Analyze
  • Design
  • Develop
  • Implementation
  • Evaluation
  • Modification
  • Glossary
  • Index