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Wachinski, Anthony. Membrane Processes for Water Reuse. US: McGraw-Hill Professional, 2012.

Membrane Processes for Water Reuse

Authors: Anthony Wachinski

Published:  October 2012

eISBN: 9780071748964 0071748962 | ISBN: 9780071748957
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  • Cover
  • Title page
  • Copyright Page
  • Contents
  • Preface
  • Acknowledgments
  • Acronyms
  • Chapter 1: Water Reuse Overview
  • Introduction
  • Water Scarcity
  • Water Supply
  • Water Demand
  • Water Scarcity Solutions
  • Water Reuse Technology Overview
  • Conventional Water Treatment Technology
  • Conventional Wastewater Technology
  • Membrane Technology
  • Chapter 2: Water Quality
  • Introduction
  • Basic Chemistry Review
  • Fundamental Concepts
  • Bonding
  • Ionization
  • Complex Ions—Ligands
  • Ionic Strength
  • Chelation
  • Adsorption
  • Symbols, Formulas, and Equations
  • Bar Graphs
  • Units of Expression
  • Solutions
  • Nomenclature
  • Gas Laws
  • Dilutions
  • Sampling
  • Chemicals Used in Wastewater Reuse
  • Coagulants
  • Coagulant Aids
  • Chemicals Used to Raise Alkalinity
  • Water Reuse Standards
  • AWWA Standards
  • Wastewater Reuse Source Waters
  • Important Characteristics of Raw and Treated Wastewaters
  • Terminology Relevant to Basic Chemistry Review
  • Chapter 3: Basic Concepts
  • Introduction
  • Terminology and Definitions
  • Low Pressure Membranes—Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration
  • Transmembrane Pressure
  • Flux
  • Turbidity Effects
  • Integrity Testing
  • Membrane Fouling
  • Temperature Effects
  • Membrane Materials
  • Membrane Modules
  • High-Performance Low Pressure Membranes—Theoretical Considerations
  • Introduction
  • Attributes Contributing to the Enhancement of Flux
  • Diffusive Membranes—NF and RO
  • Transmembrane Pressure
  • Net Driving Pressure
  • Turbidity Effects
  • Integrity Testing
  • Membrane Fouling
  • Temperature Effects
  • Membrane Materials
  • Membrane Modules
  • Chapter 4: Low Pressure Membrane Technology—Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration
  • Introduction
  • Water Quality
  • MF and UF Removal Efficiency
  • M/F Filtration Configurations
  • Dead-End Filtration
  • Pressure vs. Vacuum
  • Design Flux
  • Flux Reduction in Cold Water
  • Membrane Materials
  • Chemical and Oxidant Compatibility
  • Hollow Fiber Modules
  • Hollow Fiber (MF and UF) Systems
  • Applications
  • Membrane Systems
  • Operation
  • Reverse Filtration (Backwash)
  • Chemical Cleaning
  • System Recovery
  • Integrity Testing of Low Pressure Membranes
  • Residuals Characteristics and Management
  • Chapter 5: Diffusive Membrane Technology—Nanofiltration and Reverse Osmosis
  • Introduction
  • Terminology and Definitions
  • Feed Water Quality
  • NF and RO Flux
  • Membrane Materials
  • Modules
  • Pretreatment
  • Prefiltration
  • Chemical Conditioning
  • Chapter 6: Membrane-Coupled Bioprocesses
  • Introduction
  • Conventional Activated Sludge–Low Pressure Membrane Process
  • Sequencing Batch Reactor–Low Pressure Membrane Process (SBR–LPM)—Aqua-Aerobic Systems’ AquaMB Process
  • High Rate Anaerobic Coupled Bioprocesses
  • Membrane Bioreactor Process
  • Municipal Wastewater Primary Effluent Coupled Low Pressure Membrane
  • Chapter 7: Design of Membrane Systems for Water Recycling and Reuse
  • Introduction
  • Membrane Application Flow Schemes
  • System Design Considerations
  • Design Recovery
  • Integrity Testing
  • Continuous Indirect Integrity Monitoring System
  • Determination of Minimum Number of Equivalent Broken Fibers
  • Pretreatment
  • Clean in Place, Chemically Enhanced Backwash, and Neutralization Considerations
  • Chemical Bulk Storage Tanks
  • Chemical Conditioning
  • Direct Coagulation vs. Sedimentation
  • Posttreatment
  • System Reliability
  • Residuals Treatment and Disposal
  • Guidelines for Applying Polymers in Membrane Treatment
  • Guidelines
  • Notes
  • Case Study 7.1: Singapore Public Utilities Board NEWater Project, Republic of Singapore
  • Case Study 7.2: Water Reuse for Drought-Proof Industrial Water Supply in San Diego
  • Case Study 7.3: Cleaner, Purer Water—Membrane Separation Provides Recovery of High Value Products and Transforms Wastewater into a Renewable Water Resource
  • Demand for Pure Water
  • Recycling Water for Wineries in Sonoma County
  • Aquifer Storage and Recovery in Arizona
  • Watershed and Marine Protection in New York
  • Macroelectronics Industry Conserving Water Supplies in California
  • Water Reuse and Economic Development in Chandler, Arizona
  • Recycle and Reuse Water: Membrane Filtration as a Practical Solution
  • Case Study 7.4: Water Reuse via MF/RO—Integrated Microfiltration/Reverse Osmosis System Recycles Secondary Effluent Wastewater to Combat Water Scarcity
  • Challenge
  • Solution
  • Results
  • Case Study 7.5: Water Reclamation for Groundwater Recharge
  • Case Study 7.6: Water Reuse via Dual Membrane Technology—Water Company Supplies RO Quality Water from Treated Effluent
  • Challenge
  • Solution
  • Value Delivered
  • Chemical Usage Data
  • Case Study 7.7: Membrane Design and Optimization for Treating Variable Wastewater Sources
  • Keywords
  • Introduction
  • MF Membrane Technology
  • MF System Technology
  • Variable Wastewater Sources and Usage
  • Cost of Recycled Water vs. Treatment Capacity
  • Conclusion
  • References
  • Case Study 7.8: High Purity Water from Tidal Canal—Water Company Supplies High Purity Boiler Feed Water with Membrane/Membrane Technology
  • Challenge
  • Solution
  • Value Delivered
  • Conclusion
  • Chapter 8: Future Trends and Challenges
  • Introduction
  • Target Opportunities for Water Reuse
  • Technologies
  • Public Perception Challenges—Indirect Potable Reuse
  • Challenges Associated with the Cost of Water
  • Appendix A: Jar Test Procedures
  • Introduction
  • Background
  • General Description of a Jar Test
  • Equipment and Apparatus You Need to Conduct Jar Test
  • Before You Start
  • Getting Started
  • Test Procedure
  • Data Collection
  • Appendix B: Tables and Conversion Factors
  • Appendix C: Atomic Numbers and Atomic Weights
  • Appendix D: Examples of State Water Reuse Criteria for Selected Nonpotable Applications
  • Appendix E: The National Pretreatment Program and Expanding Source Control
  • U.S. Drinking Water Regulations: The Safe Drinking Water Act
  • Consideration of De Facto Water Reuse in U.S. Drinking Water Standards
  • Protection Against Greater Microbial Risks
  • Assessment of the Existing Federal Regulatory Framework for Potable Reuse
  • Water Reuse Regulations and Guidelines
  • USEPA Guidelines for Water Reuse
  • Appendix F: State Websites
  • Appendix G: California Code of Regulations, Title 17
  • Division 1. State Department of Health Services
  • Appendix H : California Code of Regulations, Title 22
  • Division 4. Environmental Health
  • Appendix I: Guidelines for Water Reuse Applications
  • State Water Reuse Regulations and Guidelines
  • State Guidelines and Regulations for Nonpotable Reuse
  • Appendix J: Development of a Comprehensive Integrity Verification Manual
  • Introduction
  • What Is a Comprehensive IVP?
  • What Is the Purpose of an IVP?
  • Why Is an IVP Important?
  • What Are the Regulatory Requirements Associated with an IVP?
  • What Are the Components of an IVP?
  • How Is IVP Guidance Presented in This Appendix?
  • Direct Integrity Testing
  • What Is the Purpose of Direct Integrity Testing?
  • What Type of Direct Integrity Test Should Be Used?
  • How Frequently Should Direct Integrity Testing Be Conducted?
  • When Should Direct Integrity Testing Be Conducted?
  • How Should the Direct Integrity Test Results Be Interpreted?
  • Continuous Indirect Integrity Monitoring
  • What Is the Purpose of Indirect Integrity Monitoring?
  • What Type of Indirect Integrity Monitoring Method Should Be Used?
  • What Constitutes Continuous Indirect Integrity Monitoring?
  • How Should Indirect Integrity Monitoring Results Be Interpreted?
  • Diagnostic Testing
  • What Is the Purpose of Diagnostic Testing?
  • Under What Circumstances Should Diagnostic Testing Be Applied?
  • What Type(s) of Diagnostic Testing Should Be Used?
  • Membrane Repair and Replacement
  • What Is the Purpose of Membrane Repair and Replacement?
  • When Should Membrane Repair and Replacement Be Conducted?
  • What Are Some Common Modes of Integrity Breaches?
  • How Should Membrane Repair and Replacement Be Conducted?
  • Data Collection and Analysis
  • What Is the Purpose of Data Collection and Analysis?
  • What Data Should Be Collected?
  • What Are Some Methods for Reducing Continuous Indirect Integrity Monitoring Data?
  • Reporting
  • What Is the Purpose of Reporting?
  • What Should an IVP Include with Respect to Reporting?
  • Summary
  • Appendix K: Overview of Bubble Point Theory
  • Introduction
  • The Bubble Point Equation
  • Appendix L: Direct Integrity Testing
  • 4.1 Introduction
  • 4.2 Test Resolution
  • 4.2.1 Pressure-Based Tests
  • 4.2.2 Marker-Based Tests
  • 4.3 Test Sensitivity
  • 4.3.1 Pressure-Based Tests
  • 4.3.2 Marker-Based Tests
  • 4.4 Test Frequency
  • 4.5 Establishing Control Limits
  • 4.6 Example: Establishing Direct Integrity Test Parameters
  • 4.7 Test Methods
  • 4.7.1 Pressure Decay Test
  • 4.7.2 Vacuum Decay Test
  • 4.7.3 Diffusive Airflow Test
  • 4.7.4 Water Displacement Test
  • 4.7.5 Marker-Based Integrity Tests
  • 4.8 Diagnostic Testing
  • 4.8.1 Visual Inspection
  • 4.8.2 Bubble Testing
  • 4.8.3 Sonic Testing
  • 4.8.4 Conductivity Profiling
  • 4.8.5 Single Module Testing
  • 4.9 Data Collection and Reporting
  • Calculating the Air-Liquid Conversion Ratio
  • C.1 Introduction
  • C.2 Darcy Pipe Flow Model
  • C.3 Orifice Model
  • C.4 Hagen–Poiseuille Model
  • C.5 Applicability of ALCR Equations
  • Empirical Method for Determining the Air-Liquid Conversion Ratio for a Hollow Fiber Membrane Filtration System
  • Glossary
  • References
  • Index