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Membrane Processes for Water Reuse
CITATION
Wachinski, Anthony
.
Membrane Processes for Water Reuse
.
US
: McGraw-Hill Professional, 2012.
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Membrane Processes for Water Reuse
Authors:
Anthony Wachinski
Published:
October 2012
eISBN:
9780071748964 0071748962
|
ISBN:
9780071748957
Open eBook
Book Description
Table of Contents
Cover
Title page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Acronyms
Chapter 1: Water Reuse Overview
Introduction
Water Scarcity
Water Supply
Water Demand
Water Scarcity Solutions
Water Reuse Technology Overview
Conventional Water Treatment Technology
Conventional Wastewater Technology
Membrane Technology
Chapter 2: Water Quality
Introduction
Basic Chemistry Review
Fundamental Concepts
Bonding
Ionization
Complex Ions—Ligands
Ionic Strength
Chelation
Adsorption
Symbols, Formulas, and Equations
Bar Graphs
Units of Expression
Solutions
Nomenclature
Gas Laws
Dilutions
Sampling
Chemicals Used in Wastewater Reuse
Coagulants
Coagulant Aids
Chemicals Used to Raise Alkalinity
Water Reuse Standards
AWWA Standards
Wastewater Reuse Source Waters
Important Characteristics of Raw and Treated Wastewaters
Terminology Relevant to Basic Chemistry Review
Chapter 3: Basic Concepts
Introduction
Terminology and Definitions
Low Pressure Membranes—Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration
Transmembrane Pressure
Flux
Turbidity Effects
Integrity Testing
Membrane Fouling
Temperature Effects
Membrane Materials
Membrane Modules
High-Performance Low Pressure Membranes—Theoretical Considerations
Introduction
Attributes Contributing to the Enhancement of Flux
Diffusive Membranes—NF and RO
Transmembrane Pressure
Net Driving Pressure
Turbidity Effects
Integrity Testing
Membrane Fouling
Temperature Effects
Membrane Materials
Membrane Modules
Chapter 4: Low Pressure Membrane Technology—Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration
Introduction
Water Quality
MF and UF Removal Efficiency
M/F Filtration Configurations
Dead-End Filtration
Pressure vs. Vacuum
Design Flux
Flux Reduction in Cold Water
Membrane Materials
Chemical and Oxidant Compatibility
Hollow Fiber Modules
Hollow Fiber (MF and UF) Systems
Applications
Membrane Systems
Operation
Reverse Filtration (Backwash)
Chemical Cleaning
System Recovery
Integrity Testing of Low Pressure Membranes
Residuals Characteristics and Management
Chapter 5: Diffusive Membrane Technology—Nanofiltration and Reverse Osmosis
Introduction
Terminology and Definitions
Feed Water Quality
NF and RO Flux
Membrane Materials
Modules
Pretreatment
Prefiltration
Chemical Conditioning
Chapter 6: Membrane-Coupled Bioprocesses
Introduction
Conventional Activated Sludge–Low Pressure Membrane Process
Sequencing Batch Reactor–Low Pressure Membrane Process (SBR–LPM)—Aqua-Aerobic Systems’ AquaMB Process
High Rate Anaerobic Coupled Bioprocesses
Membrane Bioreactor Process
Municipal Wastewater Primary Effluent Coupled Low Pressure Membrane
Chapter 7: Design of Membrane Systems for Water Recycling and Reuse
Introduction
Membrane Application Flow Schemes
System Design Considerations
Design Recovery
Integrity Testing
Continuous Indirect Integrity Monitoring System
Determination of Minimum Number of Equivalent Broken Fibers
Pretreatment
Clean in Place, Chemically Enhanced Backwash, and Neutralization Considerations
Chemical Bulk Storage Tanks
Chemical Conditioning
Direct Coagulation vs. Sedimentation
Posttreatment
System Reliability
Residuals Treatment and Disposal
Guidelines for Applying Polymers in Membrane Treatment
Guidelines
Notes
Case Study 7.1: Singapore Public Utilities Board NEWater Project, Republic of Singapore
Case Study 7.2: Water Reuse for Drought-Proof Industrial Water Supply in San Diego
Case Study 7.3: Cleaner, Purer Water—Membrane Separation Provides Recovery of High Value Products and Transforms Wastewater into a Renewable Water Resource
Demand for Pure Water
Recycling Water for Wineries in Sonoma County
Aquifer Storage and Recovery in Arizona
Watershed and Marine Protection in New York
Macroelectronics Industry Conserving Water Supplies in California
Water Reuse and Economic Development in Chandler, Arizona
Recycle and Reuse Water: Membrane Filtration as a Practical Solution
Case Study 7.4: Water Reuse via MF/RO—Integrated Microfiltration/Reverse Osmosis System Recycles Secondary Effluent Wastewater to Combat Water Scarcity
Challenge
Solution
Results
Case Study 7.5: Water Reclamation for Groundwater Recharge
Case Study 7.6: Water Reuse via Dual Membrane Technology—Water Company Supplies RO Quality Water from Treated Effluent
Challenge
Solution
Value Delivered
Chemical Usage Data
Case Study 7.7: Membrane Design and Optimization for Treating Variable Wastewater Sources
Keywords
Introduction
MF Membrane Technology
MF System Technology
Variable Wastewater Sources and Usage
Cost of Recycled Water vs. Treatment Capacity
Conclusion
References
Case Study 7.8: High Purity Water from Tidal Canal—Water Company Supplies High Purity Boiler Feed Water with Membrane/Membrane Technology
Challenge
Solution
Value Delivered
Conclusion
Chapter 8: Future Trends and Challenges
Introduction
Target Opportunities for Water Reuse
Technologies
Public Perception Challenges—Indirect Potable Reuse
Challenges Associated with the Cost of Water
Appendix A: Jar Test Procedures
Introduction
Background
General Description of a Jar Test
Equipment and Apparatus You Need to Conduct Jar Test
Before You Start
Getting Started
Test Procedure
Data Collection
Appendix B: Tables and Conversion Factors
Appendix C: Atomic Numbers and Atomic Weights
Appendix D: Examples of State Water Reuse Criteria for Selected Nonpotable Applications
Appendix E: The National Pretreatment Program and Expanding Source Control
U.S. Drinking Water Regulations: The Safe Drinking Water Act
Consideration of De Facto Water Reuse in U.S. Drinking Water Standards
Protection Against Greater Microbial Risks
Assessment of the Existing Federal Regulatory Framework for Potable Reuse
Water Reuse Regulations and Guidelines
USEPA Guidelines for Water Reuse
Appendix F: State Websites
Appendix G: California Code of Regulations, Title 17
Division 1. State Department of Health Services
Appendix H : California Code of Regulations, Title 22
Division 4. Environmental Health
Appendix I: Guidelines for Water Reuse Applications
State Water Reuse Regulations and Guidelines
State Guidelines and Regulations for Nonpotable Reuse
Appendix J: Development of a Comprehensive Integrity Verification Manual
Introduction
What Is a Comprehensive IVP?
What Is the Purpose of an IVP?
Why Is an IVP Important?
What Are the Regulatory Requirements Associated with an IVP?
What Are the Components of an IVP?
How Is IVP Guidance Presented in This Appendix?
Direct Integrity Testing
What Is the Purpose of Direct Integrity Testing?
What Type of Direct Integrity Test Should Be Used?
How Frequently Should Direct Integrity Testing Be Conducted?
When Should Direct Integrity Testing Be Conducted?
How Should the Direct Integrity Test Results Be Interpreted?
Continuous Indirect Integrity Monitoring
What Is the Purpose of Indirect Integrity Monitoring?
What Type of Indirect Integrity Monitoring Method Should Be Used?
What Constitutes Continuous Indirect Integrity Monitoring?
How Should Indirect Integrity Monitoring Results Be Interpreted?
Diagnostic Testing
What Is the Purpose of Diagnostic Testing?
Under What Circumstances Should Diagnostic Testing Be Applied?
What Type(s) of Diagnostic Testing Should Be Used?
Membrane Repair and Replacement
What Is the Purpose of Membrane Repair and Replacement?
When Should Membrane Repair and Replacement Be Conducted?
What Are Some Common Modes of Integrity Breaches?
How Should Membrane Repair and Replacement Be Conducted?
Data Collection and Analysis
What Is the Purpose of Data Collection and Analysis?
What Data Should Be Collected?
What Are Some Methods for Reducing Continuous Indirect Integrity Monitoring Data?
Reporting
What Is the Purpose of Reporting?
What Should an IVP Include with Respect to Reporting?
Summary
Appendix K: Overview of Bubble Point Theory
Introduction
The Bubble Point Equation
Appendix L: Direct Integrity Testing
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Test Resolution
4.2.1 Pressure-Based Tests
4.2.2 Marker-Based Tests
4.3 Test Sensitivity
4.3.1 Pressure-Based Tests
4.3.2 Marker-Based Tests
4.4 Test Frequency
4.5 Establishing Control Limits
4.6 Example: Establishing Direct Integrity Test Parameters
4.7 Test Methods
4.7.1 Pressure Decay Test
4.7.2 Vacuum Decay Test
4.7.3 Diffusive Airflow Test
4.7.4 Water Displacement Test
4.7.5 Marker-Based Integrity Tests
4.8 Diagnostic Testing
4.8.1 Visual Inspection
4.8.2 Bubble Testing
4.8.3 Sonic Testing
4.8.4 Conductivity Profiling
4.8.5 Single Module Testing
4.9 Data Collection and Reporting
Calculating the Air-Liquid Conversion Ratio
C.1 Introduction
C.2 Darcy Pipe Flow Model
C.3 Orifice Model
C.4 Hagen–Poiseuille Model
C.5 Applicability of ALCR Equations
Empirical Method for Determining the Air-Liquid Conversion Ratio for a Hollow Fiber Membrane Filtration System
Glossary
References
Index