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CITATION

Hyman, Lucas. Sustainable Thermal Storage Systems Planning Design and Operations. US: McGraw-Hill Professional, 2011.

Sustainable Thermal Storage Systems Planning Design and Operations

Authors: Lucas Hyman

Published:  July 2011

eISBN: 9780071752985 0071752986 | ISBN: 9780071752978
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  • Contents
  • Preface
  • 1 Overview
  • Introduction
  • Benefi ts of Thermal Storage
  • Reduced Utility-Bill Peak Demand
  • Improved Facility Plant Effi ciencies
  • Reduced Energy Consumption
  • Lower Energy Costs
  • More Flexible Facility Plant Operations
  • Added Backup Capacity
  • Smaller Facility Equipment Requirements
  • Lower Facility Maintenance Costs
  • Potential Lower Capital Costs
  • Economic Benefi ts
  • Environmental Benefi ts
  • Benefi ts to the Utility
  • Society Benefi ts
  • Thermal Storage Basics
  • Thermal Storage Media
  • Types of Thermal Storage Systems
  • Thermal Storage Operating Strategies
  • Thermal Storage Economics
  • History
  • Key Issues Facing Industry Today
  • References
  • 2 Applicability of Thermal Storage Systems
  • Introduction
  • Applicability of Thermal Storage Systems
  • Facility Loads
  • Utility Rate Structures
  • Electric Rate Schedules
  • Effect of Rate Structures on the Most Cost-Effective Solution Chosen
  • New Investment Required to Meet New or Expanding Facility Loads
  • Emergency Backup
  • Fire Protection
  • Combustion Turbine Inlet-Air Cooling
  • 3 Types of Thermal Storage Systems
  • Sensible Thermal Storage Systems
  • Hot Water Thermal Storage Systems
  • Chilled Water Systems
  • Mass Storage Systems
  • Latent Thermal Storage
  • Ice Systems
  • Other Phase Change Materials
  • Seasonal Thermal Storage Systems
  • 4 Sensible Thermal Storage Systems
  • Introduction
  • Factors Affecting the Selection of Sensible Thermal Storage Materials
  • Solid Sensible Thermal Storage Systems
  • Use of Building Mass for Thermal Storage
  • Use of the Ground for Sensible Thermal Storage
  • Gravel as a Sensible Thermal Storage
  • Liquid Sensible Thermal Storage Systems
  • Natural Storage Containers
  • Series or Labyrinth Tank Thermal Storage System
  • Multiple Tank “Empty Tank” System
  • Membrane or Diaphragm Thermal Storage Systems
  • Stratifi ed Thermal Storage Systems
  • Sensible Water Thermal Storage System Needs
  • Chilled Water Thermal Storage Systems
  • Vertical Thermal Stratifi cation
  • Constant Chilled Water Rise
  • Separation of Chilled Water Supply and Return
  • Variable-Flow Chilled Water Use
  • Maintaining Equivalent or Higher Coil Capacity
  • Preventing Increased Supply Water Flow
  • Stratifi cation System Design Requirements
  • Proper Vertical Separation
  • Diffuser Design
  • Reasonable Storage Time
  • Storage Below 39°F
  • Typical Stratifi cation Challenges
  • Good Stratifi ed Storage System Characteristics
  • Serendipity of a Good Chilled Water Thermal Storage System
  • Reduced Chiller Energy Consumption
  • Lower Pump Horsepower
  • Smaller Chilled Water Pumps and Pipes
  • Uninsulated Chilled Water Pipe Potential
  • Better System Balancing and Control
  • High Reliability and Emergency Cooling
  • Lower Maintenance Cost
  • Operational Flexibility
  • Balancing Thermal and Electric Loads
  • Dual-Use as Fire Protection
  • Water Treatment
  • Reference
  • 5 Latent Thermal Storage Systems
  • Introduction
  • Ice Thermal Storage Technologies
  • Ice-on-Coil
  • Internal Melt Ice-on-Coil
  • External Melt Ice-on-Coil
  • Encapsulated Ice Storage
  • Ice Harvesters
  • Ice Slurry
  • Seasonal Ice Storage
  • Ice Storage: Secondary Coolants
  • Other Phase Change Materials and Applications
  • Phase Change Below 32°F
  • Summary
  • References
  • 6 Heating Thermal Storage Systems
  • Introduction
  • Solar Thermal Power Plants
  • Parabolic Troughs
  • Solar Towers
  • Dish/Engine Systems
  • Thermal Storage Options
  • Classifi cation
  • Storage Concepts
  • Storage Media
  • Sensible Heat Storage
  • Liquid Media Storage
  • Solid Media Storage
  • Latent Heat Storage
  • Chemical Thermal Storage
  • References
  • 7 Thermal Storage System Sizing
  • Introduction
  • Determining or Estimating Facility Loads
  • Stratifi ed CHW Thermal Storage
  • Full Storage System Sizing
  • Partial Storage (Load Leveling) System Sizing
  • Hot Water Storage Sizing
  • Ice Storage System Sizing
  • Summary
  • 8 Conducting a Thermal Storage Feasibility Study
  • Introduction
  • Developing Thermal Storage System Alternatives
  • Estimating Energy Use and Cost
  • Estimating the Budget Construction Costs
  • Estimating Annual Maintenance Costs
  • Conducting Economic Analysis
  • LCC Process
  • Making Recommendations
  • 9 Thermal Storage Design Applications
  • Introduction
  • Caution Flags (Lessons Learned)
  • Sensible Water Thermal Storage Systems
  • Single Tank Systems
  • Multiple Tank Systems
  • Diffuser Design
  • Instrumentation and Control Requirements
  • Additional Design Requirements
  • Chemically Modifi ed CHW Storage Systems
  • Ice Storage System Design
  • Expanding an Existing Thermal Storage System
  • Multiple Tanks Hydraulically and Statically Balanced
  • Multiple Tanks with Plate-and-Frame Exchangers
  • Increasing the Thermal Storage Tank Height
  • Modifi cation of Coils, Circulation Piping Controls, and Chillers
  • Chemical Additive to Increase the Delta-T
  • Conversion to Ice Storage
  • Hybrid Chilled Water-Ice Systems
  • 10 Thermal Storage Tank Specifi cations
  • Introduction
  • Aboveground Steel Thermal Storage Tank Specifi cations
  • Part 1—Execution
  • Part 2—Products
  • Part 3—Execution
  • Above- or Belowground Concrete Thermal Storage Tank Specifi cations
  • Part 1—Execution
  • Part 2—Material
  • Reinforcing Steel
  • Part 3—Construction
  • 11 Thermal Storage Operating and Control Strategies
  • Introduction
  • Operating Strategies
  • Example Operating Strategy
  • Control Strategies
  • Operating Modes
  • Charging Thermal Storage Tank Only
  • Charging Thermal Storage Tank and Serving Facility Cooling Loads
  • Discharging from Thermal Storage Tank Only
  • Discharge from Thermal Storage and Operate Thermal Production Equipment to Meet the Facility Thermal Load
  • Operate Thermal Production Equipment Only to Meet the Facility Thermal Load
  • 12 Commissioning of Thermal Storage Systems
  • Introduction
  • Thermal Storage Owner Project Requirements
  • OPR Design Considerations
  • Basis of Design
  • ASHRAE Standard 150—Method of Testing the Performance of Cool Storage Systems
  • Summary
  • 13 Sustainable Thermal Storage Operations
  • Introduction
  • Understanding the Thermal Storage Plant
  • Thermal Storage Data Gathering
  • Metering
  • Monitoring
  • Thermal Storage Data Analysis
  • Metrics
  • Benchmarking
  • Billing
  • Control Strategies
  • Operator Training
  • Maintenance
  • Reserve Funds
  • Let People Know the Great Results of Thermal Storage
  • 14 Chilled Water Thermal Storage Case Study
  • University Hospital
  • Study Purpose
  • Campus Overview
  • Existing Cooling and Heating Systems
  • Existing Energy Costs
  • Electricity Rate Schedule
  • Existing Central Plant Cooling Load
  • Future Cooling Load
  • Central Chiller Plant Alternatives
  • Alternative 1—Conventional Chiller Plant (Base Case)
  • Alternative 2—Addition of Full Storage CHW TES
  • Alternative 3—Addition of Partial Storage CHW TES
  • Alternative Summary
  • Modeling Process
  • Budget Construction Cost Estimates
  • Alternative 1—Conventional Chiller Plant (Base Case)
  • Alternative 2—Addition of Full Storage CHW TES
  • Alternative 3—Addition of Partial Storage CHW TES
  • Economic Analysis
  • Life-Cycle Costs
  • Net Present Value Calculations
  • Life-Cycle-Cost Summary
  • Conclusions and Recommendations
  • 15 Ice Thermal Storage Case Study
  • Study Objective
  • Central Plant Facilities
  • Chiller Plant
  • Plant Controls or Metering
  • Cooling Loads
  • Existing Cooling Loads
  • Future Cooling Loads
  • Implementing Ice TES at the
  • Alternatives
  • Ice TES System Site
  • Utility Rate Structure
  • Energy Analysis
  • Energy Consumption and Cost
  • Budget Construction Costs
  • Life-Cycle-Cost Summary
  • Conclusion
  • Glossary
  • Bibliography
  • Index