Power Plant Equipment Operation and Maintenance Guide: Maximizing Efficiency and Profitability

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Power Plant Equipment Operation and Maintenance Guide: Maximizing Efficiency and Profitability

Power Plant Equipment Operation and Maintenance Guide: Maximizing Efficiency and Profitability

Authors: Philip Kiameh

Published: 2012

ISBN: 9780071772228 0071772227

Contents

Preface

Acknowledgments

1 Gas Turbine Applications in Power Stations, Gas Turbine Protective Systems, and Tests

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Working Cycle

1.2.1 Starting

1.2.2 Shutdown

1.3 Protection

1.4 Black Start

1.5 Routine Tests

1.6 Bibliography

2 Steam Turbine Selection for Combined-Cycle Power Systems

2.1 Abstract

2.2 Introduction

2.3 Steam Turbine Application to Steam and Gas Plants

2.3.1 Steam and Gas Plants Structure

2.3.2 Steam Turbine Exhaust Size Selection

2.3.3 Non-Exhaust Cycle-Steam Conditions

2.3.4 Reheat Cycle Steam Condition

2.4 Steam Turbine Product Structure

2.4.1 Performance

2.4.2 Casing Arrangements

2.4.3 Cogeneration Applications

2.5 Bibliography

3 Steam Turbine Maintenance

3.1 Life Cycle Operating Cost of a Steam Turbine

3.2 Steam Turbine Reliability

3.3 Boroscopic Inspection

3.4 Major Cause of Steam Turbine Repair and Maintenance

3.5 Maintenance Activities

3.6 Advanced Design Features for Steam Turbines

3.7 Bibliography

4 Frequently Asked Questions About Turbine-Generator Balancing, Vibration Analysis, and Maintenance

4.1 Balancing

4.2 Vibration Analysis—Cam Bell Diagram

4.3 Turbine-Generator Maintenance

5 Features Enhancing the Reliability and Maintainability of Steam Turbines

5.1 Steam Turbine Design Philosophy

5.2 Measures of Reliability, Availability, and Maintainability

5.3 Design Attributes Enhancing Reliability

5.3.1 Overall Mechanical Design Approach

5.3.2 Modern Steam Turbine Design Features

5.4 Design Attributes Enhancing Maintainability

5.4.1 Maintainability Features

5.4.2 Maintenance Recommendations

5.5 Cost/Benefit Analysis of High Reliability, Availability, and Maintenance Performance

5.5.1 Reliability, Availability, and Maintainability Value Calculation

5.6 Conclusion

5.7 Bibliography

6 Steam Generators

6.1 Introduction

6.2 The Fire-Tube Boiler

6.3 The Water-Tube Boiler

6.3.1 The Straight-Tube Boiler

6.3.2 The Bent-Tube Boiler

6.4 The Water-Tube Boiler: Recent Developments

6.4.1 The Boiler Walls

6.4.2 The Radiant Boiler

6.5 Water Circulation

6.6 The Steam Drum

6.7 Superheaters and Reheaters

6.7.1 Convection Superheater

6.7.2 Radiant Superheater

6.8 Once-Through Boilers

6.9 Economizers

6.10 Air Preheaters

6.11 Fans

6.11.1 Fan Control

6.11.2 The Stack

6.12 Steam Generator Control

6.12.1 Feedwater and Drum-Level Control

6.12.2 Steam-Pressure Control

6.12.3 Steam-Temperature Control

6.13 Bibliography

7 Boilers (Steam Generators), Heat Exchangers, and Condensers

7.1 Heat Transfer

7.1.1 Steady-State Conduction

7.2 Thermal Conductivities

7.2.1 Conduction Through Cylindrical Walls

7.3 Combination Heat-Transfer Effects

7.4 Convection Heat-Transfer Coefficients

7.4.1 Turbulent Forced-Convection Flow Inside Long Circular Tubes

7.4.2 Streamlined Forced-Convection Flow Inside Tubes (Water and Oils)

7.4.3 Turbulent Forced-Convection Flow Across N Onbaffled Tube Banks with Circular Tubes

7.5 Boiling Liquids and Condensing Vapors

7.6 Heat Exchangers

7.6.1 Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers

8 Integrated Gasification Combined Cycles

8.1 Introduction

8.2 IGCC Processes

8.3 IGCC Plant Considerations

8.3.1 Turnkey Cost

8.3.2 Size of IGCC

8.3.3 Output Enhancement

8.4 Emission Reduction

8.4.1 Nitrogen Oxides

8.4.2 Air Pollutants

8.4.3 Mercury

8.4.4 Carbon Dioxide

8.5 Reliability, Availability, and Maintenance

8.6 Bibliography

9 Single-Shaft Combined-Cycle Power Generation Plants

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Performance of Single-Shaft Combined-Cycle Plants

9.3 Environmental Impact

9.4 Equipment Configurations

9.5 Starting Systems

9.6 Auxiliary Steam Supply

9.7 Plant Arrangement

9.8 Maintenance

9.9 Advantages of Single-Shaft Combined-Cycle Plants

9.10 Bibliography

10 Selection of the Best Power Enhancement Option for Combined-Cycle Plants

10.1 Plant Description

10.2 Evaluation of Inlet-Air Pre-Cooling Option

10.3 Evaluation of Inlet-Air Chilling Option

10.4 Evaluation of Absorption Chilling System

10.5 Evaluation of the Steam and Water Injection Options

10.6 Evaluation of Supplementary Firing in HRSG Option

10.7 Comparison of All the Power Enhancement Options

10.8 Bibliography

11 Economics of Combined-Cycle and Cogeneration Plants

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Natural Gas Prices

11.3 Economic Growth

11.4 Financial Analysis

11.5 Base Case

11.6 Combined-Cycle Configuration

11.7 Capital Cost

11.8 Operating and Maintenance Cost

11.9 Economic Evaluation of Different Combined-Cycle Configurations

11.10 Electricity Purchase Rate

11.11 Economic Consideration

11.12 Conclusions

11.13 Bibliography

11.14 Appendix: Definitions of Terms Used in the Tables

11.15 Appendix: Financial Analysis of the Different Configurations of Combined-Cycle Plants

12 Wind Power Turbine Generators—Brushless Double-Feed Generators

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Basic System Configuration

12.3 Equivalent Circuit for the Brushless Double-Fed Machine

12.4 Parameter Extraction

12.5 Generator Operation

12.6 Converter Rating

12.7 Machine Control

12.8 Conclusions

12.9 Bibliography

13 Gas Laws and Compression Principles

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Symbols

13.2.1 Compressor Operation

13.3 First Law of Thermodynamics

13.4 Second Law of Thermodynamics

13.4.1 Ideal or Perfect Gas Laws

13.4.2 Property Relationships

13.4.3 Vapor Pressure

13.4.4 Partial Pressures

13.4.5 Critical Conditions

13.4.6 Gas Mixtures

13.4.7 The Mole

13.4.8 Volume Percent of Constituents

13.4.9 Molecular Weight of a Mixture

13.4.10 Specific Gravity and Partial Pressure

13.4.11 Specific Heats

13.4.12 Pseudo-Critical Conditions and Compressibility

13.4.13 Weight-Basis Item

13.4.14 Compression Cycles

13.4.15 Compressor Polytropic Efficiency

13.4.16 Compressor Power Requirement

13.4.17 Compressibility Correction

13.4.18 Multiple Staging

13.4.19 Compressor Volumetric Flow Rate

13.4.20 Cylinder Clearance and Volumetric Efficiency

13.4.21 Cylinder Clearance and Compression Efficiency

13.5 Bibliography

13.6 Appendix: List of Symbols

14 Compressor Types and Applications

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Positive Displacement Compressors

14.2.1 Rotary Compressors

14.2.2 Reciprocating Compressors

14.3 Dynamic Compressors

14.3.1 Centrifugal Compressors

14.3.2 Axial Flow Compressors

14.4 Bibliography

15 Compressors

15.1 Compressor Types

15.2 Compressor Operation

15.3 Gas Laws

15.4 Compressor Performance Measurement

15.4.1 Inlet Conditions

15.4.2 Compressor Performance

15.4.3 Energy Available for Recovery

15.4.4 Positive Displacement Compressors

15.4.5 Reciprocating Compressors

15.4.6 Trunk Piston Compressors

15.4.7 Sliding Crosshead Piston Compressors

15.4.8 Diaphragm Compressors

15.4.9 Bellows Compressors

15.4.10 Rotary Compressors

15.4.11 Rotary Screw Compressors

15.4.12 Lobe-Type Air Compressors

15.4.13 Sliding Vane Compressors

15.4.14 Liquid Ring Compressors

15.4.15 Dynamic Compressors

15.4.16 Centrifugal Compressors

15.4.17 Axial Compressors

15.4.18 Air Receivers

15.5 Compressor Control

15.6 Compressor Unloading System

15.7 Intercooler and Aftercoolers

15.8 Filters and Air Intake Screens

15.9 Preventive Maintenance and Housekeeping

15.10 Bibliography

16 Performance of Positive Displacement Compressors

16.1 Compressor Performance

16.1.1 Positive Displacement Compressors

16.1.2 Reciprocating Compressor Rating

16.1.3 Reciprocating Compressor Sizing

16.1.4 Capacity Control

16.1.5 Compressor Performance

16.2 Reciprocating Compressors

16.2.1 Compressor Valves

16.2.2 Reciprocating Compressors Leakage

16.2.3 Screw Compressors Leakage

16.3 Bibliography

17 Reciprocating Compressors

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Crankshaft Design

17.3 Bearings and Lubrication Systems

17.4 Connecting Rods

17.5 Crossheads

17.6 Frames and Cylinders

17.7 Compressor Cooling

17.8 Pistons

17.9 Piston and Rider Rings

17.10 Valves

17.11 Piston Rods

17.12 Packings

17.13 Cylinder Lubrication

17.14 Distance Pieces

17.15 Bibliography

18 Reciprocating Air Compressors Troubleshooting and Maintenance

18.1 Introduction

18.2 Location

18.3 Foundation

18.4 Air Filters and Suction Lines

18.5 Air Receiver Location and Capacity

18.6 Starting a New Compressor

18.7 Lubrication

18.8 Non-Lubricated Cylinders

18.9 Valves

18.10 Piston Rings

18.11 Intercoolers and Aftercoolers

18.12 Cleaning

18.13 Packing

18.14 Bibliography

19 Diaphragm Compressors

19.1 Introduction

19.2 Theory of Operation

19.3 Compressor Design

19.4 Materials of Construction

19.5 Accessories

19.6 Cleaning and Testing

19.7 Applications

19.7.1 Automotive Air Bag Filling

19.7.2 Petrochemical Industries

19.8 Limitations

19.9 Installation and Maintenance

19.10 Diaphragm Compressor Specification

19.11 Bibliography

20 Rotary Screw Compressors and Filter Separators

20.1 Twin-Screw Machines

20.1.1 Compressor Operation

20.1.2 Applications of Rotary Screw Compressors

20.1.3 Dry and Liquid Injected Compressors

20.1.4 Operating Principles

20.1.5 Flow Calculation

20.1.6 Power Calculation

20.1.7 Temperature Rise

20.1.8 Capacity Control

20.1.9 Mechanical Construction

20.1.10 Industry Experience

20.1.11 Maintenance History

20.1.12 Performance Summary

20.2 Oil-Flooded Single-Screw Compressors

20.3 Selection of Modern Reverse-Flow Filter Separators

20.3.1 Conventional Filter Separators and Self-Cleaning Coalescers

20.3.2 Removal Efficiencies

20.3.3 Filter Quality

20.3.4 Selection of the Most Suitable Gas Filtration Equipment

20.3.5 Evaluation of the Proposed Filtration Configurations

20.3.6 Life-Cycle-Cost Calculations

20.4 Conclusions

20.5 Bibliography

20.6 Appendix: Coke Fuel

20.6.1 Introduction

20.6.2 Properties and Usage

20.6.3 Other Coking Processes

20.6.4 Bibliography

21 Straight Lobe Compressors

21.1 Applications

21.1.1 Operating Characteristics

21.2 Operating Principle

21.3 Pulsation Characteristics

21.4 Noise Characteristics

21.5 Torque Characteristics

21.6 Construction

21.6.1 Rotors

21.6.2 Casing

21.6.3 Timing Gears

21.6.4 Bearings

21.7 Staging

21.7.1 Higher Compression Ratios

21.7.2 Power Reduction

21.8 Installation

21.9 Bibliography

22 Recent Developments in Separating Liquid from Gases

22.1 Introduction

22.2 Removal Mechanisms

22.3 Liquid/Gas Separation Technologies

22.3.1 Gravity Separators

22.3.2 Centrifugal Separators

22.3.3 Mist Eliminators

22.3.4 Filter Vane Separators

22.3.5 Liquid/Gas Coalescers

22.3.6 Selection of Liquid/Gas Separation Equipment

22.4 Formation of Fine Aerosols

22.5 Ratings and Sizing of Separation Equipment

22.6 Bibliography

23 Dynamic Compressors Technology

23.1 Introduction

23.2 Centrifugal Compressor Overview

23.3 Axial Compressors Overview

23.4 Bibliography

24 Simplified Equations for Determining the Performance of Dynamic Compressors

24.1 Nonoverloading Characteristics of Centrifugal Compressors

24.2 Stability

24.3 Speedy Change

24.4 Compressor Drive

24.5 Calculations

24.6 Bibliography

25 Centrifugal Compressors—Components, Performance Characteristics, Balancing, Surge Prevention Systems, and Testing

25.1 Introduction

25.2 Casing Configuration

25.3 Construction Features

25.3.1 Diaphragms

25.3.2 Interstage Seals

25.3.3 Balance Piston Seal

25.3.4 Impeller Thrust

25.4 Performance Characteristics

25.4.1 Slope of the Centrifugal Compressor Head Curve

25.4.2 Stonewall

25.4.3 Surge

25.4.4 Off-Design Operation

25.5 Rotor Dynamics

25.6 Rotor Balancing

25.7 Surge Prevention Systems

25.8 Surge Identification

25.9 Liquid Entrainment

25.10 Instrumentation

25.11 Cleaning Centrifugal Compressors

25.12 Bibliography

25.13 Appendix: Boundary Layer

25.13.1 Definition

25.13.2 Description of the Boundary Layer

25.13.3 Separation: Wake

25.13.4 Bibliography

26 Compressor Auxiliaries, Off-Design Performance, Stall, and Surge

26.1 Introduction

26.2 Compressor Auxiliaries

26.3 Compressor Off-Design Performance

26.3.1 Low Rotational Speeds

26.3.2 High Rotational Speeds

26.4 Performance Degradation

26.5 Bibliography

27 Dynamic Compressors Performance

27.1 Description of a Centrifugal Compressor

27.2 Centrifugal Compressor Types

27.2.1 Compressors with Horizontally Split Casings

27.2.2 Centrifugal Compressors with Vertically Split Casings

27.2.3 Compressors with Bell Casings

27.2.4 Pipeline Compressors

27.2.5 SR Compressors

27.3 Performance Limitations

27.3.1 Surge Limit

27.3.2 Stonewall

27.3.3 Prevention of Surge

27.3.4 Anti-Surge Control Systems

27.4 Bibliography

28 Compressor Seal Systems

28.1 Introduction

28.2 The Supply System

28.3 The Seal Housing System

28.4 The Atmospheric Draining System

28.5 The Seal Leakage System

28.6 Gas Seals

28.7 Liquid Seals

28.8 Liquid Bushing Seals

28.9 Contact Seals

28.10 Restricted Bushing Seals

28.11 Seal Supply Systems

28.11.1 Flow Through the Gas Side Contact Seal

28.11.2 Flow Through the Atmospheric Side Bushing Seal

28.11.3 Flow Through the Seal Chamber

28.12 Seal Liquid Leakage System

28.13 Bibliography

29 Dry Seals, Advanced Sealing Mechanisms, and Magnetic Bearings

29.1 Introduction

29.2 Background

29.3 Dry Seals

29.3.1 Operating Principles

29.3.2 Operating Experience

29.3.3 Problems and Solutions

29.3.4 Upgrade Developments of Dry Seals

29.3.5 Prevention of Dry Gas Seal Failures by Gas Conditioning

29.4 Magnetic Bearings

29.4.1 Operating Principles

29.4.2 Operating Experience and Benefits

29.4.3 Problems and Solutions

29.4.4 Development Efforts

29.5 Thrust-Reducing Seals

29.6 Integrated Design

29.7 Bibliography

30 Compressor System Calculations

30.1 Calculations of Air Leaks from Compressed-Air Systems

30.1.1 Annual Cost of Air Leakage

30.2 Centrifugal Compressor Power Requirement

30.2.1 Compressor Selection

30.2.2 Selection of Compressor Drive

30.2.3 Selection of Air Distribution System

30.2.4 Water Cooling Requirements for Compressors

30.2.5 Variation of Compressor Delivery with Inlet Air Temperature

30.2.6 Sizing of Compressor System Components

30.2.7 Calculation of Receiver Pump-Up Time

30.3 Bibliography

31 Pumps

31.1 Introduction

31.2 Centrifugal Pumps

31.2.1 Theory of Operation of a Centrifugal Pump

31.2.2 Casings and Diffusers

31.2.3 Radial Thrust

31.2.4 Hydrostatic Pressure Tests

31.2.5 Impeller

31.2.6 Axial Thrust

31.2.7 Axial Thrust in Multistage Pumps

31.2.8 Hydraulic Balancing Devices

31.3 Mechanical Seals

31.4 Bearings

31.5 Couplings

31.6 Bedplates

31.7 Minimum Flow Requirement

31.8 Centrifugal Pumps: General Performance Characteristics

31.9 Cavitation

31.10 Net Positive Suction Head

31.11 Maintenance Recommended on Centrifugal Pumps

31.12 Recommended Pump Maintenance

31.13 Vibration Analysis

31.14 Bibliography

32 Centrifugal Pump Mechanical Seal

32.1 Introduction

32.2 Basic Components

32.2.1 Seal Balance

32.2.2 Face Pressure

32.2.3 Pressure-Velocity

32.2.4 Power Consumption

32.2.5 Temperature Control

32.2.6 Seal Lubrication/Leakage

33 Positive Displacement Pumps

33.1 Reciprocating Pumps

33.1.1 Piston Pumps

33.1.2 Plunger Pumps

33.1.3 Diaphragm Pumps

33.2 Rotary Pumps

33.2.1 Gear Pumps

33.2.2 Screw Pumps

33.2.3 Two- or Three-Lobe Pumps

33.2.4 Cam Pumps

33.2.5 Vane Pumps

33.3 Bibliography

34 Diaphragm Pumps

34.1 Introduction

34.2 Mechanically Driven Diaphragm Pumps

34.3 Hydraulically Actuated Diaphragm Pumps

34.4 Pneumatically Powered Diaphragm Pumps

34.5 Materials of Construction

34.5.1 Advantages and Limitations

34.5.2 Limitations of Diaphragm Pumps

34.5.3 Advantages of Diaphragm Pumps

34.6 Bibliography

35 Canned Motor Pumps

35.1 Canned Motor Pumps Design and Applications

35.2 Seal-Less Pump Motors

35.3 Bibliography

36 Troubleshooting of Pumps

36.1 Pump Maintenance

36.1.1 Daily Observations of Pump Operation

36.1.2 Semiannual Inspection

36.1.3 Annual Inspection

36.1.4 Complete Overhaul

36.1.5 Spare and Repair Parts

36.1.6 Record of Inspections and Repairs

36.1.7 Diagnoses of Pump Troubles

36.2 Troubleshooting of Centrifugal Pumps

36.3 Troubleshooting of Rotary Pumps

36.4 Troubleshooting of Reciprocating Pumps

36.5 Troubleshooting of Steam Pumps

36.6 Vibration Diagnostics

36.6.1 Analysis Symptoms

36.6.2 Impeller Unbalance

36.6.3 Hydraulic Unbalance

36.7 Bibliography

37 Water Hammer

37.1 Introduction

37.2 Nomenclature

37.3 Basic Assumptions

37.4 Effects of Water Hammer in High- and Low-Head Pumping Systems

37.4.1 Magnitude of the Pulse

37.4.2 Possible Causes of Water Hammer

37.4.3 Mitigating Measures to Water Hammer

37.4.4 Applications of Water Hammer

37.5 Power Failure at Pump Motors

37.5.1 Pumps with No Valves at the Pump

37.5.2 Pumps Equipped with Check Valves

37.5.3 Controlled Valve Closure

37.5.4 Surge Suppressors

37.5.5 Water Column Separation

37.5.6 Quick-Opening, Slow-Closing Valves

37.5.7 One-Way Surge Tanks

37.5.8 Air Chambers

37.5.9 Surge Tanks

37.5.10 Nonreverse Ratchets

37.6 Normal Pump Shutdown

37.7 Water Hammer Example

37.8 Steam Hammer

37.9 Bibliography

38 Selection and Procurement of Pumps

38.1 Introduction

38.2 Engineering of System Requirements

38.2.1 Fluid Type

38.2.2 System-Head Curves

38.3 Alternate Modes of Operation

38.4 Margins

38.5 Wear

38.6 Future System Changes

38.7 Selection of Pump and Driver

38.7.1 Pump Characteristics

38.7.2 Code Requirements

38.7.3 Fluid Characteristics

38.7.4 Pump Materials

38.7.5 Driver Type

38.8 Pump Specifications

38.8.1 Specification Types

38.8.2 Data Sheet

38.8.3 Codes and Standards

38.8.4 Bidding Documents

38.8.5 Technical Specification

38.8.6 Commercial Terms

38.9 Special Considerations

38.9.1 Performance Testing

38.9.2 Pump Drivers

38.9.3 Special Control Requirements

38.9.4 Drawing and Data Requirements Form

38.9.5 Quality Assurance and Quality Control

38.10 Bidding and Negotiation

38.10.1 Public and Private Sector

38.10.2 Bid List

38.10.3 Evaluation of Bids

38.10.4 Cost

38.10.5 Efficiency

38.10.6 Economic Life

38.10.7 Spare Parts

38.10.8 Guarantee/Warranty

38.10.9 Sample Bid Evaluation

38.11 Bibliography

39 Pumping System Calculations

39.1 Analysis of Pumps Installed in Series

39.2 Analysis of Pumps Installed in Parallel

39.3 Selection of Pump Driver Speed

39.4 Affinity Laws for Centrifugal Pumps

39.5 Centrifugal Pump Selection Using Similarity or Affinity Laws

39.6 Determination of Centrifugal Pump Capacity and Efficiency

39.7 Selection of the Best Operating Speed for a Centrifugal Pump

39.8 Calculate the Total Head of the Pump

39.9 Pump Selection Procedure

39.9.1 Draw the Proposed Piping Layout of the Pumping System

39.9.2 Determine the Required Pump Capacity

39.9.3 Determine the Total Head on the Pump

39.9.4 Obtain the Physical and Chemical Data of the Liquid Being Pumped

39.9.5 Select the Category and Type of Pump

39.9.6 Evaluate the Selected Pump

39.10 Bibliography

40 Bearings

40.1 Types of Bearings

40.1.1 Ball and Roller Bearings

40.2 Stresses During Rolling Contact

40.3 Statistical Nature of Bearing Life

40.4 Materials and Finish

40.5 Sizes of Bearings

40.6 Types of Rolling Bearings

40.6.1 Thrust Bearings

41 Lubrication

41.1 The Viscosity of Lubricants

41.1.1 Viscosity Units

41.1.2 Significance of Viscosity

41.1.3 Flow Through Pipes

41.2 Variation of Viscosity with Temperature and Pressure

41.2.1 Temperature Effect

41.2.2 Viscosity Index

41.2.3 Effect of Pressure on Viscosity

41.3 Non-Newtonian Fluids

41.3.1 Greases

41.3.2 VI-Improved Oils

41.3.3 Oils at Low Temperatures

41.4 Variation of Lubricant Viscosity with Use

41.4.1 Oxidation Reactions

41.4.2 Physical Reactions

41.5 Housing and Lubrication

41.6 Lubrication of Antifriction Bearings

41.7 Bibliography

42 Used Oil Analysis—A Vital Part of Maintenance

42.1 Proper Lube Oil Sampling Technique

42.1.1 Test Description and Significance

42.1.2 Visual and Sensory Inspections

42.1.3 Chemical and Physical Tests

42.2 Summary

42.3 Bibliography

43 Vibration Analysis

43.1 The Application of Sine Waves to Vibration

43.1.1 Multimass Systems

43.1.2 Resonance

43.1.3 Logarithms and Decibels

43.1.4 The Use of Filtering

43.1.5 Vibration Instrumentation

43.1.6 Transducer Selection

43.1.7 Machinery Example

43.1.8 Vibration Analysis

43.1.9 Vibration Causes

43.1.10 Forcing Frequency Causes

43.1.11 Vibration Severity

43.2 Appendix: A Case History (Condensate Pump Misalignment)

43.2.1 Problem

43.2.2 Test Data and Observations

43.2.3 Corrective Actions

43.2.4 Final Results

43.2.5 Conclusion

Index