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CURRENT Essentials of Nephrology & Hypertension

CURRENT Essentials of Nephrology & Hypertension

Authors: Edger Lerma, Jeffrey Berns and Allen Nissenson

Published: June 2012

eISBN: 9780071808583 0071808582 | ISBN: 9780071449038

Contents

Contributors

Preface

1. Fluids & Electrolytes, & Acid-Base Disorders

1.1 Disorders of Volume Regulation

Diuretic Abuse

Diuretic Resistance

Edema

Extracellular Fluid Volume Depletion

Renal Salt Wasting Disorders

1.2 Disorders of Water Regulation

Central Diabetes Insipidus

Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus

Hypernatremia with Extracellular Fluid Volume Depletion

Hypernatremia with Extracellular Fluid Volume Expansion

Hypernatremia with Normal Extracellular Fluid Volume

Hyperosmolarity

Hyponatremia

Hyponatremia with Extracellular Fluid Volume Expansion

Hyponatremia with Extracellular Fluid Volume Contraction

Hyponatremia with Low Plasma Osmolality & Low Urine Osmolality

Hyponatremia with Normal or High Plasma Osmolality

Osmotic Diuresis

Polyuria

Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuresis

1.3 Disorders of Potassium Metabolism

Apparent Mineralocorticoid Excess

Bartter Syndrome

Gitelman Syndrome

Gordon Syndrome (pseudohypoaldosteronism)

Primary Hyperaldosteronism

Secondary Hyperaldosteronism

Hyperkalemia

Hypoaldosteronism

Hypokalemia

Hypokalemia with High Urinary Potassium Excretion

Hypokalemia with High Blood Pressure

Hypokalemia with Normal or Low Blood Pressure

Hypokalemia with Normal or Low Urinary Potassium Excretion

Liddle Syndrome

Pseudohyperaldosteronism

Pseudohyperkalemia

Pseudohypokalemia

1.4 Disorders of Calcium Metabolism

Hypercalcemia of Malignancy

Hypercalcemia

Familial Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia

Primary Hyperparathyroidism

Secondary Hyperparathyroidism

Hypocalcemia

Hypoparathyroidism

Milk Alkali Syndrome

Oncogenic Osteomalacia

Tetany

Vitamin D Deficiency

Vitamin D Intoxication

1.5 Disorders of Phosphate Metabolism

Hyperphosphatemia

Hypophosphatemia

Hypophosphatemic Rickets

1.6 Disorders of Magnesium Metabolism

Hypermagnesemia

Hypomagnesemia

Renal Magnesium Wasting

1.7 Acid-Base Disorders

Ethylene Glycol Poisoning

Isopropyl Alcohol Poisoning

Ketoacidosis

Lactic Acidosis

Metabolic Acidosis with Elevated Anion Gap

Metabolic Acidosis with Normal Anion Gap

Metabolic Alkalosis

Metabolic Alkalosis with Normal or Low Blood Pressure

Metabolic Alkalosis with Normal Urine Chloride

Metabolic Alkalosis with Low Urine Chloride

Metabolic Alkalosis with High Blood Pressure

Methanol Poisoning

Renal Tubular Acidosis, Distal with Hyperkalemia

Renal Tubular Acidosis, Distal with Normal or Low Potassium

Renal Tubular Acidosis, Proximal

Respiratory Acidosis

Respiratory Alkalosis

Salicylate Toxicity

2. Acute Kidney Injury

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)

Acute Kidney Injury due to Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitor or Angiotensin Receptor Blocker

Acute Kidney Injury due to Chemotherapy: Carboplatin and Cisplatin

Acute Kidney Injury due to Intravenous Immunoglobulins (IVIG)

Acute Kidney Injury due to Rhabdomyolysis & Myoglobinuria

Acute Phosphate Nephropathy

Acute Tubular Necrosis Ischemic

Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN), Nephrotoxic

Aminoglycoside (AG) Nephrotoxicity

Contrast-Induced Nephropathy (CIN)

Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS) Associated with Chemotherapeutic Agents

Hepatorenal Syndrome (HRS)

Obstructive Uropathy

Prerenal Azotemia

Tumor Lysis Syndrome

3. Chronic Kidney Disease

Adynamic Bone Disease

Anemia & Chronic Kidney Disease

Atrophic Kidney

Calciphylaxis

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

Echogenic Kidneys

End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD)

Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis (NSF)

Renal Osteodystrophy

Uremia

Uremic Pericarditis

4. Systemic Diseases Involving the Kidneys

Diabetic Nephropathy (DN)

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus & the Kidney

5. Glomerular Disorders

Nephrotic Syndrome

Minimal Change Disease

IgM Nephropathy

Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis

Membranous Nephropathy

Idiopathic Nodular Glomerulosclerosis

C1q Nephropathy

HIV-Associated Nephropathy (HIVAN)

Renal Vein Thrombosis

Post-streptococcal Glomerulonephritis

Post-infectious Glomerulonephritis

Shunt Nephritis

Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis

Hepatitis C Virus-Associated Nephropathy

Cryoglobulinemic Glomerulonephritis

IgA Nephropathy

Henoch Schönlein Nephropathy

Lupus Nephritis

Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis

Pulmonary Renal Syndrome

Crescentic Glomerulonephritis

Anti-glomerular Basement Membrane Disease

Goodpasture Syndrome

Renal Vasculitis

Pauci-immune Glomerulonephritis

ANCA-Positive Renal Vasculitis

Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (Formerly Wegener Granulomatosis)

Microscopic Polyangiitis

Polyarteritis Nodosa

Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome

Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura

6. Paraproteinemias

Immunotactoid Glomerulopathy

Cast Nephropathy

Light Chain Deposition Disease

Primary Systemic Amyloidosis

7. Tubulointerstitial Diseases

Acute Pyelonephritis

Acute Tubulointerstitial Nephritis

Analgesic Nephropathy

Balkan Nephropathy

Chinese Herb Nephropathy

Chronic Pyelonephritis

Chronic Tubulointerstitial Nephritis

Cystinuria

Dent Disease

Granulomatous Interstitial Nephritis

Lead Nephropathy

Lithium Toxicity

Papillary Necrosis

Primary Hyperoxaluria

Radiation Nephritis

Reflux Nephropathy

Retroperitoneal Fibrosis

Scleroderma

Secondary Hyperoxaluria

Sickle Cell Nephropathy

Tubulointerstitial Nephritis with Uveitis (TINU) Syndrome

8. Vascular Diseases of the Kidneys

Atheroembolic Renal Disease

Renal Artery Aneurysm

Renal Artery Dissection

9. Urinary Tract Infections

Asymptomatic Bacteriuria

Funguria

Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)

10. Cystic Diseases of the Kidneys

Acquired Cystic Kindney Disease

Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD)

Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease

Medullary Sponge Disease

Nephronophthisis & Medullary Cystic Disease

Renal Cysts, Simple

Tuberous Sclerosis Complex

Von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome

11. Nephrolithiasis

Cystinuria

Hyperoxaluria

Hypocitraturia

Calcium Kidney Stones

Struvite Kidney Stones

Uric Acid Kidney Stones

12. Hypertension

Adrenal Adenoma

Coarctation of the Aorta

Endocrine Hypertension

Essential Hypertension

Fibromuscular Dysplasia (FMD)

Glucocorticoid Remediable Hypertension

Isolated Systolic Hypertension

Malignant Hypertension

Masked Hypertension

Hypertension in Pregnancy

Renovascular Hypertension

Secondary Hypertension

White Coat Hypertension

Pheochromocytoma

Preeclampsia

13. Selected Inherited Diseases of the Kidneys (Tubules)

Alport Syndrome

Fabry Disease

Proximal Renal Tubular Acidosis (RTA)

Thin Basement Membrane Disease

14. Complications of Dialysis

Hemodialysis Access Thrombosis

Hemodialysis Cuffed Catheter-Related Bacteremia

Peritoneal Dialysis Peritonitis

15. Transplantation

Acute Transplant Rejection

BK Virus Nephropathy (BKVN)

Chronic Allograft Failure (CAF)

Immunosuppressive Medications: Mechanisms of Action

Immunosuppressive Medications: Adverse Reactions

Posttransplant Infections: General Principles

Posttransplant Infections: Important Etiologies

Posttransplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder (PTLD)

Posttransplant Polycythemia

Posttransplant Proteinuria

Recurrent Disease

16. Urinary Abnormalities

Crystalluria

Hematuria

Hemoglobinuria

Isosthenuria & Hyposthenuria

Microalbuminuria

Myoglobinuria

Proteinuria

Red Urine

Index