The UMTS Air-Interface in RF Engineering

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The UMTS Air-Interface in RF Engineering

The UMTS Air-Interface in RF Engineering

Authors: Shing-Fong Su

Published: March 2007

eISBN: 9780071510257 0071510257 | ISBN: 9780071488662

Contents

Preface

Acknowledgments

Nomenclature

Chapter 1. Introduction to UMTS

1.1 What is UMTS?

1.2 Evolution of WCDMA

1.3 UMTS Services

1.4 UMTS Network

1.4.1 Core network

1.4.2 UTRAN

1.4.3 User equipment

1.5 UMTS Frequency Band and Channel Arrangement

1.5.1 Frequency Bands

1.5.2 UTRA/FDD Transmit-To-Receive (Tx-Rx) Frequency Separation

1.5.3 Channel Arrangement

1.5.4 Carrier Frequency

1.5.5 UARFCN

1.6 Organization of the Book

References

Chapter 2. UMTS Fundamentals

2.1 UMTS Network Topology

2.2 UMTS Signaling Protocol Stack

2.2.1 Circuit-Switched Control Plane Protocol Stack

2.2.2 Packet-Switched Control Plane Protocol Stack

2.2.3 Circuit-Switched User Plane Protocol Stack

2.2.4 Packet-Switched User Plane Protocol Stack

2.3 Access Stratum Data Flow

2.3.1 RRC Functions

2.3.2 RLC Functions

2.3.3 MAC Functions

2.3.4 Physical Layer Functions

2.4 UMTS Channels

2.5 Channel Mappings

2.5.1 Channel Mapping of BCCH

2.5.2 Channel Mapping of PCCH

2.5.3 Channel Mapping of CCCH to RACH/FACH Common Channels in Idle Mode

2.5.4 Channel Mapping of DCCH and DTCH to RACH/FACH Common Channels in Connected Mode

2.5.5 Channel Mapping of Dedicated Channels

2.5.6 Channel Mappings of CPCH, DSCH, and HS-DSCH

2.6 Protocol States

2.6.1 Idle Mode

2.6.2 Connected Mode

2.7 UE and Subscriber Identifiers

2.7.1 International Mobile Subscriber Identity

2.7.2 Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity

2.7.3 Radio Network Temporary Identity

2.7.4 International Mobile Station Equipment Identity

2.8 System Frame Timing

2.8.1 System Frame Number

2.8.2 Connection Frame Number

2.9 Summary

References

Chapter 3. Overview of 3GPP and UMTS Standards

3.1 Technical Specification Groups

3.1.1 Services and System Aspects Group

3.1.2 Core Network and Terminals Group

3.1.3 GSM EDGE Radio Access Network Group

3.1.4 Radio Access Network Group

3.2 3GPP Specification Releases

3.3 3GPP Specification Numbering Scheme

3.4 3GPP Specification Series

3.5 Summary

Reference

Chapter 4. Radio Resource Control

4.1 RRC Message Specifications

4.1.1 Protocol Extensions

4.2 System Information

4.2.1 System Information Blocks

4.2.2 System Information Block Segmentation and Concatenation

4.2.3 Example of a System Information Message

4.2.4 Contents of System Information Blocks

4.3 Paging and Notification

4.3.1 Paging Type 1

4.3.2 Paging Type 2

4.4 RRC Connection Management

4.4.1 RRC Connection Request

4.4.2 RRC Connection Setup

4.4.3 RRC Connection Setup Complete

4.4.4 RRC Connection Release

4.5 Ciphering and Integrity Protection Control

4.5.1 Security Mode Command Message

4.6 Radio Bearer Control

4.6.1 Radio Bearer Establishment

4.6.2 Radio Bearer Reconfiguration

4.6.3 Radio Bearer Release

4.7 RRC Management of UE Mobility

4.7.1 Cell Reselection

4.7.2 Cell Update and URA Update Procedures

4.7.3 Active Set Update Procedure

4.7.4 Inter-RAT Mobility

4.8 Measurements and Reporting

4.8.1 Measurement Control Message

4.8.2 Quality Measurement

4.8.3 UE Internal Measurements

4.9 NAS Message Routing

4.10 Summary

References

Chapter 5. Radio Link Control

5.1 Layer 2 Fundamentals

5.2 RLC Functions

5.3 RLC Entities

5.4 RLC Data Transfer Modes

5.4.1 RLC Transparent Mode

5.4.2 RLC Unacknowledged Mode

5.4.3 RLC Acknowledged Mode

5.5 RLC Ciphering

5.6 RLC Configurable Parameters

5.6.1 SDU Discard

5.6.2 AM Configurable Parameters

5.7 Summary

References

Chapter 6. Medium Access Control

6.1 MAC Architecture

6.2 Logical to Transport Channel Mappings

6.3 MAC Header

6.3.1 MAC Header for Dedicated Logical Channels

6.3.2 MAC Header for Common Transport Channels

6.4 Transport Format Combination Selection

6.5 Traffic Volume Measurement

6.6 MAC Ciphering

6.7 MAC RACH Functions

6.7.1 MAC RACH Procedure

6.7.2 Access Class and Access Service Class

6.7.3 Persistency Check

6.8 MAC Conifgurable Parameters

6.9 Summary

References

Chapter 7. Physical Layer

7.1 Orthogonal Spreading Codes

7.1.1 Orthogonal Sequences

7.1.2 Spreading and De-spreading

7.2 Scrambling Codes

7.2.1 Maximum Length Pseudorandom Binary Sequences

7.2.2 Gold Codes

7.2.3 Scrambling Code Generation

7.3 Synchronization Codes

7.4 Physical Layer Timing

7.5 Downlink Procedure

7.5.1 Transport Channel Data Delivery to Physical Channels

7.5.2 CRC Attachment

7.5.3 Transport Block Concatenation and Code Block Segmentation

7.5.4 Channel Coding

7.5.5 Rate Matching

7.5.6 First DTX Insertion

7.5.7 First Interleaving and Radio Frame Segmentation

7.5.8 Transport Channel Multiplexing and Second DTX Insertion

7.5.9 Second Interleaving

7.5.10 Mapping to physical channel

7.5.11 Spreading and Scrambling

7.5.12 Modulation

7.6 Uplink Procedure

7.6.1 Radio Frame Equalization

7.6.2 Rate Matching

7.6.3 Mapping to Physical Channels

7.6.4 Spreading and Scrambling

7.7 Physical Channel Structures and Channel Timing

7.7.1 PCCPCH

7.7.2 SCCPCH

7.7.3 SCH

7.7.4 CPICH

7.7.5 PICH

7.7.6 AICH

7.7.7 PRACH

7.7.8 Downlink DPCH

7.7.9 Uplink DPCH

7.7.10 Physical Channel Timing

7.8 Physical Layer Procedures

7.8.1 Initial Acquisition Procedure

7.8.2 Physical Random Access Procedure

7.8.3 Page Procedure

7.8.4 DPDCH/DPCCH Synchronization

7.8.5 Radio Link Establishment and Radio Link Failure

7.8.6 Measurements

7.9 Summary

References

Chapter 8. Cell Reselection

8.1 Types of Cell Reselection

8.2 Cell Reselection Fundamentals

8.2.1 Cell Reselection Criteria

8.2.2 Cell Reselection Ranking Process

8.2.3 Inter-Frequency Cell Reselection

8.2.4 Inter-RAT Cell Reselection

8.3 Summary

References

Chapter 9. Handover

9.1 UE Measurements and Reporting

9.1.1 UE Measurements for Handover

9.2 Categories of Cells

9.3 Soft and Softer Handover

9.3.1 Soft and Softer Handovers at Call Setup

9.3.2 Soft and Softer Handovers in Cell_DCH State

9.4 Inter-Frequency Handover

9.4.1 Virtual Active Set

9.4.2 Inter-Frequency Handover Procedure

9.4.3 Inter-Frequency Reporting Events

9.5 Inter-RAT Handover

9.5.1 Inter-RAT Handover Triggering Events

9.6 Compressed Mode

9.6.1 Compressed Mode Basics

9.6.2 Transmission Gap Pattern Sequence

9.6.3 Transmission Gap Pattern

9.7 Summary

References

Chapter 10. Power Control

10.1 Power Control for Downlink Dedicated Channels

10.1.1 Open Loop Power Control

10.1.2 Closed Loop Power Control

10.2 Power Control for Downlink Common Channels

10.2.1 Common Pilot Channel and Synchronization Channel Power Levels

10.2.2 Primary Common Control Physical Channel Power level

10.2.3 Secondary Common Control Physical Channel Power Level

10.2.4 Paging Indicator Channel and Acquisition Indicator Channel Power Levels

10.3 Power Control for Uplink Dedicated Channels

10.3.1 Initial Transmit Power for Uplink Dedicated Channels

10.3.2 Outer Loop Power Control for Uplink Dedicated Channels

10.3.3 Inner Loop Power Control for Uplink Dedicated Channels

10.4 Power Control for Uplink Common Channels

10.4.1 Initial Preamble Power

10.4.2 Successive Preamble Power

10.4.3 RACH Message Part Power

10.5 Power Control in Compressed Mode

10.5.1 Downlink Power Control in Compressed Mode

10.5.2 Uplink Power Control in Compressed Mode

10.6 Summary

References

Chapter 11. HSDPA Overview

11.1 HSDPA Key Features

11.1.1 Adaptive Modulation and Coding

11.1.2 Transmission Time Interval

11.1.3 Scheduling

11.1.4 Retransmission

11.1.5 Code Allocation and Code Multiplexing of Packet Transmissions

11.1.6 Power Allocation

11.1.7 No Downlink Soft Handover

11.1.8 HSDPA UE Capability

11.2 HSDPA Channels

11.2.1 HS-DSCH

11.2.2 HS-PDSCH

11.2.3 HS-SCCH

11.2.4 HS-DPCCH

11.3 HSDPA Physical Layer Procedure

11.3.1 CQI Reporting

11.4 HSDPA Related Parameters

11.4.1 Cell Parameters

11.4.2 UE Parameters

11.4.3 Fixed Parameters

11.5 General Considerations for HSDPA Deployment

11.5.1 Deployment Strategies

11.5.2 Deployment Options

11.5.3 User Mobility

11.5.4 Impact of HSDPA on Release 99 Networks

11.6 Summary

References

Chapter 12 WCDMA RF Network Planning

12.1 Capacity and Coverage

12.2 Uplink Analysis

12.2.1 Bit Rate

12.2.2 Traffic Load

12.2.3 Processing Gain

12.2.4 Required Eb/Io

12.2.5 Propagation Environment

12.2.6 Node B Receiver Noise Figure

12.2.7 Receiver Sensitivity, Pole Capacity and Loading

12.2.8 Noise Rise Due to Interference

12.2.9 Antenna Gain, Feeder Cable Loss, and Body Loss

12.2.10 Shadow Fading, Coverage Probability, and Shadow Fade Margin

12.2.11 Fast Fade Margin

12.2.12 Soft Handover Gain

12.2.13 UE Transmit Power

12.2.14 Penetration Loss

12.2.15 Uplink Budget

12.3 Propagation Models

12.3.1 Okumura Model

12.3.2 Hata Model

12.3.3 COST 231-Hata Model

12.3.4 Lee Model

12.4 Downlink Analysis

12.5 Overhead Channel Power Allocation

12.6 Scrambling Code Planning

12.6.1 Scrambling Code Planning Example

12.7 Base Station Antennas

12.7.1 Antenna Gain and Beam Width

12.7.2 Antenna Down Tilt

12.7.3 Side Lobe Suppression and Null Fill

12.7.4 Dual Polarization Antenna

12.7.5 Voltage Standing Wave Ratio and Front-to-Back Ratio

12.7.6 Mechanical Specifications of Antennas

12.8 WCDMA RF Planning Process

12.9 Summary

References

Chapter 13. WCDMA RF Network Optimization

13.1 RF Optimization Overview

13.2 Issues in RF Optimization

13.2.1 Cell Breathing

13.2.2 Pilot Pollution

13.2.3 Near-Far Problem

13.2.4 Around-the-Corner Problem

13.2.5 Handover Problem

13.2.6 Incomplete Neighbor List

13.3 Pre-Optimization Preparation

13.3.1 Hardware Check

13.3.2 Antenna Audit

13.4 RF Drive-Test-Based Optimization

13.4.1 RF Optimization Planning

13.4.2 Sector Verification

13.4.3 Cluster Optimization

13.4.4 System Verification

13.4.5 RF Optimization Tools

13.4.6 WCDMA Performance Metrics

13.5 Traffic-Statistics-Based Optimization

13.5.1 Traffic Statistics Data Collection and Processing

13.5.2 Key Traffic Statistics Metrics for WCDMA Networks

13.6 Summary

Chapter 14. Applications of Repeaters and Tower Mounted Amplifiers in WCDMA Networks

14.1 Repeater Engineering Considerations

14.1.1 Repeater Coverage Objectives

14.1.2 Base Station Desensitization

14.1.3 Repeater Noise Figure Rise

14.1.4 Donor Link Characteristics

14.1.5 Pilot Discrimination

14.1.6 Antenna Isolation and Gain Setting

14.1.7 Handover Issue

14.1.8 Donor Cell Traffic Overload

14.1.9 Narrow-Band Interference Amplified by Repeaters

14.2 Major Repeater-Related Problems in WCDMA Networks

14.2.1 Unable to Make a Call in the Repeater Coverage Area

14.2.2 High Dropped-Call Rate in the Repeater Coverage Area

14.2.3 High Mobile Station Transmit Power in the Repeater Coverage Area

14.2.4 Repeater Coverage Area Smaller Than Expected

14.2.5 Frequent Handovers Within the Repeater Coverage Area

14.2.6 Unable to Make Handovers with Other Cells

14.2.7 Long Access Time in the Repeater Coverage Area

14.2.8 Donor Cell Coverage Area Shrinkage

14.2.9 High Dropped-Call Rate and High Mobile Station Transmit Power in the Donor Cell Coverage Area

14.2.10 Pilot Pollution

14.3 Repeater Deployment Guidelines

14.3.1 Selection of Repeater Locations

14.3.2 Repeater Installation

14.3.3 General Adjustments of Repeaters After Installation

14.4 Tower Mounted Ampli.ers

14.4.1 Analysis on the Improvement of Base Station Noise Figure and Link Budget

14.4.2 Applications of TMAs

14.5 Summary

Chapter 15. Intersystem Interferences

15.1 Adjacent Channel Performance

15.1.1 Adjacent Channel Interference Power Ratio

15.1.2 Adjacent Channel Leakage Power Ratio

15.1.3 Adjacent Channel Selectivity

15.1.4 Relation Between ACIR, ACLR, and ACS

15.2 Interferences Between UMTS and CDMA2000 Systems

15.3 Interferences Between UMTS and PHS Systems

15.3.1 Analysis of the Interference Between PHS Base Station Transmitter and UMTS Base Station Receiver

15.3.2 Simulation of the Interferences Between UMTS and PHS Systems

15.4 Interferences Between UMTS and GSM systems

15.4.1 Isolation Requirement for Spurious Emissions

15.4.2 Isolation Requirement for Third-Order Inter-Modulation

15.4.3 Isolation Requirement for Carrier Overload

15.4.4 Overall Isolation Requirement

15.5 Summary

References

Chapter 16. Comparison of WCDMA and CDMA2000

16.1 Similarities Between WCDMA and CDMA2000

16.1.1 Physical Layer Concepts

16.1.2 Physical Layer Procedures

16.1.3 Channelization and Spreading Concepts

16.1.4 Power Control

16.1.5 Physical Channels with Similar Functions

16.1.6 Different Terminologies for Similar Functions

16.2. Differences Between WCDMA and CDMA2000

16.2.1 Network Synchronization

16.2.2 RF Characteristics

16.2.3 Channel Structure

16.2.4 Overhead

16.2.5 Paging Operation

16.2.6 Inter-Frequency and Inter-RAT Hard Handover

16.3 Summary

Index