Ductile Design of Steel Structures, 2nd Edition

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Ductile Design of Steel Structures, 2nd Edition

Ductile Design of Steel Structures, 2nd Edition

Authors: Michel Bruneau, Chia-Ming Uang and Rafael Sabelli

Published: July 2011

eISBN: 9780071625234 0071625232 | ISBN: 9780071623957

Contents

Preface

1 Introduction

References

2 Structural Steel

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Common Properties of Steel Materials

2.2.1 Engineering Stress-Strain Curve

2.2.2 Effect of Temperature on Stress-Strain Curve

2.2.3 Effect of Temperature on Ductility and Notch-Toughness

2.2.4 Strain Rate Effect on Tensile and Yield Strengths

2.2.5 Probable Yield Strength

2.3 Plasticity, Hysteresis, Bauschinger Effects

2.4 Metallurgical Process of Yielding, Slip Planes

2.5 Brittleness in Welded Sections

2.5.1 Metallurgical Transformations During Welding, Heat-Affected Zone, Preheating

2.5.2 Hydrogen Embrittlement

2.5.3 Carbon Equivalent

2.5.4 Flame Cutting

2.5.5 Weld Restraints

2.5.6 Lamellar Tearing

2.5.7 Thick Steel Sections

2.5.8 Fracture Mechanics

2.5.9 Partial Penetration Welds

2.5.10 K-Area Fractures

2.5.11 Strain Aging

2.5.12 Stress Corrosion

2.5.13 Corrosion Fatigue

2.5.14 Ductility of Corroded Steel

2.6 Low-Cycle versus High-Cycle Fatigue

2.6.1 High-Cycle Fatigue

2.6.2 Low-Cycle Fatigue

2.7 Material Models

2.7.1 Rigid Plastic Model

2.7.2 Elasto-Plastic Models

2.7.3 Power, Ramberg-Osgood, and Menegotto-Pinto Functions

2.7.4 Smooth Hysteretic Models

2.8 Advantages of Plastic Material Behavior

2.9 Self-Study Problems

References

3 Plastic Behavior at the Cross-Section Level

3.1 Pure Flexural Yielding

3.1.1 Doubly Symmetric Sections

3.1.2 Sections Having a Single Axis of Symmetry

3.1.3 Impact of Some Factors on Inelastic Flexural Behavior

3.1.4 Behavior During Cyclic Loading

3.2 Combined Flexural and Axial Loading

3.2.1 Rectangular Cross-Section

3.2.2 Wide-Flange Sections: Strong-Axis Bending

3.2.3 Wide-Flange Sections: Weak-Axis Bending

3.2.4 Moment-Curvature Relationships

3.3 Combined Flexural and Shear Loading

3.4 Combined Flexural, Axial, and Shear Loading

3.5 Pure Plastic Torsion: Sand-Heap Analogy

3.5.1 Review of Important Elastic Analysis Results

3.5.2 Sand-Heap Analogy

3.6 Combined Flexure and Torsion

3.7 Biaxial Flexure

3.7.1 General Principles

3.7.2 Fiber Models

3.8 Composite Sections

3.9 Self-Study Problems

References

4 Concepts of Plastic Analysis

4.1 Introduction to Simple Plastic Analysis

4.2 Simple Plastic Analysis Methods

4.2.1 Event-to-Event Calculation (Step-by-Step Method)

4.2.2 Equilibrium Method (Statical Method)

4.2.3 Kinematic Method (Virtual-Work Method)

4.3 Theorems of Simple Plastic Analysis

4.3.1 Upper Bound Theorem

4.3.2 Lower Bound Theorem

4.3.3 Uniqueness Theorem

4.4 Application of the Kinematic Method

4.4.1 Basic Mechanism Types

4.4.2 Combined Mechanism

4.4.3 Mechanism Analysis by Center of Rotation

4.4.4 Distributed Loads

4.5 Shakedown Theorem (Deflection Stability)

4.6 Yield Lines

4.6.1 General Framework

4.6.2 Strength of Connections

4.6.3 Plastic Mechanisms of Local Buckling

4.7 Self-Study Problems

References

5 Systematic Methods of Plastic Analysis

5.1 Number of Basic Mechanisms

5.2 Direct Combination of Mechanisms

5.2.1 Example: One-Bay, One-Story Frame

5.2.2 Example: Two-Story Frame with Overhanging Bay

5.3 Method of Inequalities

5.4 Self-Study Problems

References

6 Applications of Plastic Analysis

6.1 Moment Redistribution Design Methods

6.1.1 Statical Method of Design

6.1.2 Autostress Design Method

6.2 Capacity Design

6.2.1 Concepts

6.2.2 Shear Failure Protection

6.2.3 Protection Against Column Hinging

6.3 Push-Over Analysis

6.3.1 Monotonic Push-Over Analysis

6.3.2 Cyclic Push-Over Analysis

6.4 Seismic Design Using Plastic Analysis

6.5 Global versus Local Ductility Demands

6.5.1 Displacement Ductility versus Curvature Ductility

6.5.2 Ductility of Yielding Link for Structural Element in Series

6.6 Displacement Compatibility of Nonductile Systems

6.7 Self-Study Problems

References

7 Building Code Seismic Design Philosophy

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Need for Ductility in Seismic Design

7.2.1 Elastic Response and Response Spectrum

7.2.2 Inelastic Response and Ductility Reduction

7.3 Collapse Mechanism versus Yield Mechanism

7.4 Design Earthquake

7.5 Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure

7.6 Physical Meaning of Seismic Performance Factors

7.7 Capacity Design

7.7.1 Global-Level Approach

7.7.2 Local-Level Approach

7.8 Performance-Based Seismic Design Framework

7.8.1 Seismic Performance Objective

7.8.2 USA: ASCE 7

7.8.3 Canada: NBCC

7.8.4 Japan: BSL

7.8.5 Seismic Design of Tall Buildings

7.8.6 Next-Generation Performance-Based Seismic Design

7.9 Historical Perspective of Seismic Codes

References

8 Design of Ductile Moment-Resisting Frames

8.1 Introduction

8.1.1 Historical Developments

8.1.2 General Behavior and Plastic Mechanism

8.1.3 Design Philosophy

8.2 Basic Response of Ductile Moment-Resisting Frames to Lateral Loads

8.2.1 Internal Forces During Seismic Response

8.2.2 Plastic Rotation Demands

8.2.3 Lateral Bracing and Local Buckling

8.3 Ductile Moment-Frame Column Design

8.3.1 Axial Forces in Columns

8.3.2 Considerations for Column Splices

8.3.3 Strong-Column/Weak-Beam Philosophy

8.3.4 Effect of Axial Forces on Column Ductility

8.4 Panel Zone

8.4.1 Flange Distortion and Column Web Yielding/Crippling Prevention

8.4.2 Forces on Panel Zones

8.4.3 Behavior of Panel Zones

8.4.4 Modeling of Panel Zone Behavior

8.4.5 Design of Panel Zone

8.5 Beam-to-Column Connections

8.5.1 Knowledge and Practice Prior to the 1994 Northridge Earthquake

8.5.2 Damage During the Northridge Earthquake

8.5.3 Causes for Failures

8.5.4 Reexamination of Pre-Northridge Practice

8.5.5 Post-Northridge Beam-to-Column Connections Design Strategies for New Buildings—Initial Concepts

8.5.6 Post-Northridge Beam-to-Column Prequalified Connections

8.5.7 International Relevance

8.5.8 Semi-Rigid (Partially Restrained) Bolted Connections

8.6 Design of a Ductile Moment Frame

8.6.1 General Connection Design Issues

8.6.2 Welding and Quality Control Issues

8.6.3 Generic Design Procedure

8.7 P-D Stability of Moment Resisting Frames

8.7.1 Fundamental Concept and Parameters

8.7.2 Impact on Hysteretic Behavior

8.7.3 Design Requirements

8.8 Design Example

8.8.1 Building Description and Loading

8.8.2 Global Requirements

8.8.3 Basis of Design

8.8.4 Iterative Analysis and Proportioning

8.8.5 Member Checks

8.8.6 WUF-W Connection Design

8.8.7 Detailing

8.8.8 Bracing

8.8.9 Completion of Design

8.9 Self-Study Problems

References

9 Design of Ductile Concentrically Braced Frames

9.1 Introduction

9.1.1 Historical Developments

9.1.2 General Behavior and Plastic Mechanism

9.1.3 Design Philosophy

9.2 Hysteretic Behavior of Single Braces

9.2.1 Brace Physical Inelastic Cyclic Behavior

9.2.2 Brace Slenderness

9.2.3 Compression Strength Degradation of Brace Under Repeated Loading

9.2.4 Brace Compression Overstrength at First Buckling

9.2.5 Evolution of Codified Strength and Slenderness Limits

9.2.6 Local Buckling

9.2.7 Low-Cycle Fatigue Models

9.2.8 Models of Single Brace Behavior

9.3 Hysteretic Behavior and Design of Concentrically Braced Frames

9.3.1 System Configuration and General Issues

9.3.2 Brace Design

9.3.3 Beam Design

9.3.4 Column Design

9.3.5 Connection Design

9.3.6 Other Issues

9.4 Other Concentric Braced-Frame Systems

9.4.1 Special Truss Moment Frames (STMF)

9.4.2 Zipper Frames

9.5 Design Example

9.5.1 Building Description and Loading

9.5.2 Global Requirements

9.5.3 Basis of Design

9.5.4 Preliminary Brace Sizing

9.5.5 Plastic Mechanism Analysis

9.5.6 Capacity Design of Beam

9.5.7 Capacity Design of Column

9.5.8 Iterative Analysis and Proportioning

9.5.9 Connection Design

9.5.10 Completion of Design

9.5.11 Additional Consideration: Gravity Bias in Seismic Systems

9.6 Self-Study Problems

References

10 Design of Ductile Eccentrically Braced Frames

10.1 Introduction

10.1.1 Historical Development

10.1.2 General Behavior and Plastic Mechanism

10.1.3 Design Philosophy

10.2 Link Behavior

10.2.1 Stiffened and Unstiffened Links

10.2.2 Critical Length for Shear Yielding

10.2.3 Classifications of Links and Link Deformation Capacity

10.2.4 Link Transverse Stiffener

10.2.5 Effect of Axial Force

10.2.6 Effect of Concrete Slab

10.2.7 Link Overstrength

10.2.8 Qualification Test and Loading Protocol Effect

10.3 EBF Lateral Stiffness and Strength

10.3.1 Elastic Stiffness

10.3.2 Link Required Rotation

10.3.3 Plastic Analysis and Ultimate Frame Strength

10.4 Ductility Design

10.4.1 Sizing of Links

10.4.2 Link Detailing

10.4.3 Lateral Bracing of Link

10.5 Capacity Design of Other Structural Components

10.5.1 General

10.5.2 Internal Force Distribution

10.5.3 Diagonal Braces

10.5.4 Beams Outside of Link

10.5.5 Columns

10.5.6 Connections

10.6 Design Example

10.6.1 Building Description and Loading

10.6.2 Global Requirements

10.6.3 Basis of Design

10.6.4 Sizing of Links

10.6.5 Final Link Design Check

10.6.6 Link Rotation

10.6.7 Link Detailing

10.6.8 Completion of Design

10.7 Self-Study Problems

References

11 Design of Ductile Buckling-Restrained Braced Frames

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Buckling-Restrained Braced Frames versus Conventional Frames

11.3 Concept and Components of Buckling-Restrained Brace

11.4 Development of BRBs

11.5 Nonductile Failure Modes

11.5.1 Steel Casing

11.5.2 Brace Connection

11.5.3 Frame Distortion Effect on Gusset Connection

11.6 BRBF Configuration

11.7 Design of Buckling-Restrained Braces

11.7.1 Brace Design

11.7.2 Elastic Modeling

11.7.3 Gravity Loads

11.8 Capacity Design of BRBF

11.8.1 AISC Testing Requirements

11.8.2 Brace Casing

11.8.3 Brace Connections

11.8.4 Beams and Columns

11.9 Nonlinear Modeling

11.10 Design Example

11.10.1 Building Description and Loading

11.10.2 Global Requirements

11.10.3 Basis of Design

11.10.4 Iterative Analysis and Proportioning

11.10.5 Brace Validation and Testing

11.10.6 Completion of Design

11.11 Self-Study Problem

References

12 Design of Ductile Steel Plate Shear Walls

12.1 Introduction

12.1.1 General Concepts

12.1.2 Historical Developments

12.1.3 International Implementations

12.2 Behavior of Steel Plate Shear Walls

12.2.1 General Behavior

12.2.2 Plastic Mechanism

12.2.3 Design Philosophy and Hysteretic Energy Dissipation

12.3 Analysis and Modeling

12.3.1 Strip Models

12.3.2 Finite Element Models

12.3.3 Demands on HBEs

12.3.4 Demands on VBEs

12.4 Design

12.4.1 Introduction

12.4.2 Web Plate Design

12.4.3 HBE Design

12.4.4 VBE Design

12.4.5 Distribution of Lateral Force Between Frame and Infill

12.4.6 Connection Details

12.4.7 Design of Openings

12.5 Perforated Steel Plate Shear Walls

12.5.1 Special Perforated Steel Plate Shear Walls

12.5.2 Steel Plate Shear Walls with Reinforced Corners Cutouts

12.6 Design Example

12.6.1 Building Description and Loading

12.6.2 Global Requirements

12.6.3 Basis of Design

12.6.4 Web Design

12.6.5 HBE Design

12.6.6 VBE Design

12.6.7 Drift

12.6.8 HBE Connection Design

12.6.9 Completion of Design

12.7 Self-Study Problems

References

13 Other Ductile Steel Energy Dissipating Systems

13.1 Structural Fuse Concept

13.2 Energy Dissipation Through Steel Yielding

13.2.1 Early Concepts

13.2.2 Triangular Plates in Flexure

13.2.3 Tapered Shapes

13.2.4 C-Shaped and E-Shaped Devices

13.3 Energy Dissipation Through Friction

13.4 Rocking Systems

13.5 Self-Centering Post-Tensioned Systems

13.6 Alternative Metallic Materials: Lead, Shape-Memory Alloys, and Others

13.7 Validation Quantification

References

14 Stability and Rotation Capacity of Steel Beams

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Plate Elastic and Postelastic Buckling Behavior

14.3 General Description of Inelastic Beam Behavior

14.3.1 Beams with Uniform Bending Moment

14.3.2 Beams with Moment Gradient

14.3.3 Comparison of Beam Behavior Under Uniform Moment and Moment Gradient

14.4 Inelastic Flange Local Buckling

14.4.1 Modeling Assumptions

14.4.2 Buckling of an Orthotropic Plate

14.4.3 Torsional Buckling of a Restrained Rectangular Plate

14.5 Web Local Buckling

14.6 Inelastic Lateral-Torsional Buckling

14.6.1 General

14.6.2 Beam Under Uniform Moment

14.6.3 Beam Under Moment Gradient

14.7 Code Comparisons

14.8 Interaction of Beam Buckling Modes

14.9 Cyclic Beam Buckling Behavior

14.10 Self-Study Problem

References

Index