Cranes and Derricks, Fourth Edition

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Cranes and Derricks, Fourth Edition

Cranes and Derricks, Fourth Edition

Authors: Lawrence Shapiro and Jay Shapiro

Published: September 2010

eISBN: 9780071625586 0071625585 | ISBN: 9780071625579

Contents

Preface to the Fourth Edition

Preface to the Third Edition

Preface to the Second Edition

Preface to the First Edition

1 Basic Concepts and Components

1.1 Introduction

1.2 The Basic Hoisting Mechanism

1.3 Drums, Hoists, and Sheaves

Hoist Drums

Fleet Angle

Drum Capacity

Line Pull

Sheaves and Blocks

1.4 Wire Rope and Fittings

Working Loads

Fittings

1.5 The Basic Luffing Mechanism

1.6 The Basic Derrick

Lateral Motions

Force Analysis

1.7 A Contemporary Crane

1.8 Basis for Load Ratings

Limitations

Stability Against Overturning

2 Crane and Derrick Configurations

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Derricks

Chicago Boom Derrick

Guy Derrick

Gin Pole Derrick

Stiffleg Derrick

Other Derrick Forms

2.3 Mobile Cranes

Crawler, Truck, All-Terrain, and Rough-Terrain Carriers

Front-End Attachments

Telescoping Cantilevered Boom Cranes

Wind and Mobile Cranes

2.4 Tower Cranes

Jib Types

Wind and Tower Cranes

Base Mountings

2.5 Self-Erecting Cranes

2.6 Pedestal-, Portal-, and Tower-Mounted Cranes

2.7 Overhead and Gantry Cranes

2.8 Cableways

2.9 Unconventional Lifting Devices

Jacking Towers

Hydraulic Telescoping Gantries

3 Loads and Forces

3.1 Introduction

Design Loading Concepts

Design Codes and Standards

Classification of Loads

3.2 Static Loads

Lifted Loads

Dead Loads

Effects of Load Distribution

Friction

Out-of-Level Supports

Misalignment and Skew

3.3 Earthquake

3.4 Dynamic Loads

Linear Motion

Rotational Motion

3.5 Wind Loads

The Nature of Wind

Wind-Velocity Pressure

Wind Pressure on Objects

Storms and Statistics

Gusting and Gust Factors

The ASCE 7-05 Wind Load Provisions

Summary of Procedures for Calculating Out-of-Service Wind Forces

4 Stability Against Overturning

4.1 Introduction

General Concept of Stability

4.2 Mobile Cranes

Location of Tipping Fulcrum on Outriggers

Extension of Outriggers

Location of Crawler-Crane Tipping Fulcrum

Location of Tipping Fulcrum for Mobile Cranes on Tires

Operating Sectors

Effect of Out-of-Level Operation

Deflection

Effect of Wind

Stability-Based Ratings

4.3 Tower Cranes and Self-Erecting Cranes

Elastic Deflections of Tower Cranes

Static Mounting

Traveling Bases

4.4 Barge- and Ship-Mounted Cranes

4.5 Track Mounting and Other Special Considerations

4.6 Dynamic Stability

Centrifugal Force

Inertial Forces Affecting Stability

5 Mobile-Crane Installations

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Transit to the Site

5.3 Traveling Within the Site

5.4 Clearances

Drift Clearance

Swing Clearances

Swing Clearance with a Fixed Jib

Clearance in Tight Quarters

5.5 Crane Loads to the Supporting Surface

Truck-Crane Outrigger Loads

Crawler-Crane Track Pressures

Rough-Terrain Cranes Outrigger Loads

All-Terrain Cranes Outrigger Loads

5.6 Supporting the Crane

Ground Support Capacity

Supporting Outriggers

Cribbing

Supporting Crawler Cranes

Operations Near Cellar Walls

Operations Near Slopes and Retaining Walls

Operations on Structural Decks and Bridges

5.7 Crane Loads

5.8 Positioning the Crane

5.9 Crane Selection

5.10 Pick and Carry

Wheel-Mounted Cranes

Crawler Cranes

5.11 Multiple-Crane Lifts

The Absolute Rules

Two-Crane Lifts

Tailing Operations

Three-Crane Lifts

Four-Crane Lifts

6 Tower-Crane Installations

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Planning and Preparation

Crane Selection

Jobsite Planning

6.3 Fixed-Base Tower Cranes

Designing for Resistance to Overturning

A Spread Footing

Induced Soil Pressures

Mast Anchorage

Mast Plumbness

6.4 Climbing Cranes

6.5 Braced and Guyed Towers

Top Climbing

Braced Towers

Guyed Towers

6.6 Internal-Climbing Cranes

Vertical Loads

Moments and Horizontal Loads

Climbing Procedures

Before and After the Climb

6.7 Traveling Cranes

6.8 Erection and Dismantling

Erection

Dismantling

6.8 Tower-Crane Operation

7 Derrick Installations

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Chicago Boom Derricks

Column Torsion

Column Strengthening

Fitting Attachment Bolts

7.3 Guy Derricks

Guying Systems

Footblock Supports

Guy Derrick Adaptations

7.4 Gin Pole Derricks

Tandem Gin Poles

Light-Duty Gin Poles

7.5 Stiffleg Derricks

7.6 Other Derrick Forms and Details

Catheads

Flying Strut

7.7 Loads Acting on Derricks

7.8 Winch Installation

8 Controlling Risk

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Sources of Risk in Lifting Operations

Deficient Equipment

Pressure from Cost or Time Constraints

Inexperienced Management

Lack of Training, Knowledge, or Skill

Inadequate Planning

Unreasonable Demands of Owner or Management

Environmental Conditions

Unclear Instructions

Operator Errors

Changed Circumstances

Conclusion

A Convergence of Errors

8.3 Responsibilities

Crane Owner

Crane User

Site Supervisor

Lift Director

Crane Operator

Assigning Responsibilities

8.4 Accident Statistics and Avoidance

Contact with Power Lines

Overturning

Preventing Overloads

Slewing-Related Overturning

Travel-Related Overturning

Trapped or Caught Loads

Wind-Induced Overturning

Stability When Operating on Rubber

Boom-over-Cab Accidents

Rope Failures

Rope Inspection and Discard

Inspection

Rope Replacement

Rope Safety Program

Tower Crane Accidents

Erection, Dismantling, and Climbing Accidents

Other Causes of Tower Crane Accidents

Tower-Crane Maintenance and Inspection

8.5 Lifting Personnel with Cranes

8.6 Codes and Standards

8.7 Rational Methods of Risk Control

Quantification of Risk Elements

Lifting Contractors

Project Management

A: Conversions

B: Glossary

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

Z

C: Exact Analysis of a Guyed Tower Crane

D: Boom and Jib Clearances

E: Codes and Standards Applicable to Cranes and Derricks

Index