Quantitative Phase Imaging of Cells and Tissues

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Quantitative Phase Imaging of Cells and Tissues

Quantitative Phase Imaging of Cells and Tissues

Authors: Gabriel Popescu

Published: June 2011

eISBN: 9780071663434 0071663436 | ISBN: 9780071663427

Contents

Foreword

Preface

Aknowledgments

1 Introduction

1.1 Light Microscopy

1.2 Quantitative Phase Imaging (QPI)

1.3 QPI and Multimodal Investigation

1.4 Nanoscale and Three-Dimensional Imaging

References

2 Groundwork

2.1 Light Propagation in Free Space

2.1.1 1D Propagation: Plane Waves

2.1.2 3D Propagation: Spherical Waves

2.2 Fresnel Approximation of Wave Propagation

2.3 Fourier Transform Properties of Free Space

2.4 Fourier Transformation Properties of Lenses

2.5 (The First-Order) Born Approximation of Light Scattering in Inhomogeneous Media

2.6 Scattering by Single Particles

2.7 Particles Under the Born Approximation

2.7.1 Spherical Particles

2.7.2 Cubical Particles

2.7.3 Cylindrical Particles

2.8 Scattering from Ensembles of Particles within the Born Approximation

2.9 Mie Scattering

Further Reading

3 Spatiotemporal Field Correlations

3.1 Spatiotemporal Correlation Function: Coherence Volume

3.2 Spatial Correlations of Monochromatic Light

3.2.1 Cross-Spectral Density

3.2.2 Spatial Power Spectrum

3.2.3 Spatial Filtering

3.3 Temporal Correlations of Plane Waves

3.3.1 Temporal Autocorrelation Function

3.3.2 Optical Power Spectrum

3.3.3 Spectral Filtering

References

4 Image Characteristics

4.1 Imaging as Linear Operation

4.2 Resolution

4.3 Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)

4.4 Contrast and Contrast-to-Noise Ratio

4.5 Image Filtering

4.5.1 Low-Pass Filtering

4.5.2 Band-Pass Filter

4.5.3 High-Pass Filter

References

5 Light Microscopy

5.1 Abbe’s Theory of Imaging

5.2 Imaging of Phase Objects

5.3 Zernike’s Phase Contrast Microscopy

References

Further Reading

6 Holography

6.1 Gabor’s (In-Line) Holography

6.2 Leith and Upatnieks’s (Off-Axis) Holography

6.3 Nonlinear (Real Time) Holography or Phase Conjugation

6.4 Digital Holography

6.4.1 Digital Hologram Writing

6.4.2 Digital Hologram Reading

References

7 Point-Scanning QPI Methods

7.1 Low-Coherence Interferometry (LCI)

7.2 Dispersion Effects

7.3 Time-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography

7.3.1 Depth-Resolution in OCT

7.3.2 Contrast in OCT

7.4 Fourier Domain and Swept Source OCT

7.5 Qualitative Phase-Sensitive Methods

7.5.1 Differential Phase-Contrast OCT

7.5.2 Interferometric Phase-Dispersion Microscopy

7.6 Quantitative Methods

7.6.1 Phase-Referenced Interferometry

7.6.2 Spectral-Domain QPI

7.7 Further Developments

References

8 Principles of Full-Field QPI

8.1 Interferometric Imaging

8.2 Temporal Phase Modulation: Phase-Shifting Interferometry

8.3 Spatial Phase Modulation: Off-Axis Interferometry

8.4 Phase Unwrapping

8.5 Figures of Merit in QPI

8.5.1 Temporal Sampling: Acquisition Rate

8.5.2 Spatial Sampling: Transverse Resolution

8.5.3 Temporal Stability: Temporal-Phase Sensitivity

8.5.4 Spatial Uniformity: Spatial Phase Sensitivity

8.6 Summary of QPI Approaches and Figures of Merit

References

9 Off-Axis Methods

9.1 Digital Holographic Microscopy (DHM)

9.1.1 Principle

9.1.2 Further Developments

9.1.3 Biological Applications

9.2 Hilbert Phase Microscopy (HPM)

9.2.1 Principle

9.2.2 Further Developments

9.2.3 Biological Applications

References

10 Phase-Shifting Methods

10.1 Digitally Recorded Interference Microscopy with Automatic Phase Shifting (DRIMAPS)

10.1.1 Principle

10.1.2 Further Developments

10.1.3 Applications

10.2 Optical Quadrature Microscopy (OQM)

10.2.1 Principle

10.2.2 Further Developments

10.2.3 Applications

References

11 Common-Path Methods

11.1 Fourier Phase Microscopy (FPM)

11.1.1 Principle

11.1.2 Further Developments

11.1.3 Biological Applications

11.2 Diffraction-Phase Microscopy (DPM)

11.2.1 Principle

11.2.2 Further Developments

11.2.3 Biological Applications

References

12 White Light Methods

12.1 QPI Using the Transport of Intensity Equation

12.1.1 Principle

12.1.2 Further Developments

12.1.3 Biological Applications

12.2 Spatial Light Interference Microscopy (SLIM)

12.2.1 Principle

12.2.2 Further Developments

12.2.3 Biological Applications

References

13 Fourier Transform Light Scattering

13.1 Principle

13.1.1 Relevance of Light-Scattering Methods

13.1.2 Fourier Transform Light Scattering (FTLS)

13.2 Further Developments

13.3 Biological Applications

13.3.1 Elastic Light Scattering of Tissues

13.3.2 Elastic Light Scattering of Cells

13.3.3 Dynamic Light Scattering of Cell Membrane Fluctuations

13.3.4 Dynamic Light Scattering of Cell Cytoskeleton Fluctuations

References

14 Current Trends in Methods

14.1 Tomography via QPI

14.1.1 Computed Tomography (CT) Using Digital Holographic Microscopy

14.1.2 Diffraction Tomography (DT) via Spatial Light Interference Microscopy

14.2 Spectroscopic QPI

14.2.1 Spectroscopic Diffraction-Phase Microscopy

14.2.2 Instantaneous Spatial Light Interference Microscopy (iSLIM)

References

15 Current Trends in Applications

15.1 Cell Dynamics

15.1.1 Background and Motivation

15.1.2 Active Membrane Fluctuations

15.1.3 Intracellular Mass Transport

15.2 Cell Growth

15.2.1 Background and Motivation

15.2.2 Cell Cycle-Resolved Cell Growth

15.3 Tissue Optics

15.3.1 Background and Motivation

15.3.2 Scattering-Phase Theorem

15.3.3 Tissue-Scattering Properties from Organelle to Organ Scale

15.4 Clinical Applications

15.4.1 Background and Motivation

15.4.2 Blood Screening

15.4.3 Label-Free Tissue Diagnosis

References

A: Complex Analytic Signals

Further Reading

B: The Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional Fourier Transform

B.1 The 2D Fourier Transform

B.2 Two-Dimensional Convolution

B.3 Theorems Specific to Two-Dimensional Functions

B.4 Generalization of 1D Theorems

B.5 The Hankel Transform

B.6 The 3D Fourier Transform

B.7 Cylindrical Coordinates

B.8 Spherical Coordinates

References

C: QPI Artwork

Index