Electronic Filter Simulation & Design

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Electronic Filter Simulation & Design

Electronic Filter Simulation & Design

Authors: Giovanni Bianchi and Roberto Sorrentino

Published: 2007

ISBN: 9780071712620 0071494677

Contents

Preface

Acknowledgments

1 Basic Concepts

1.0 Introduction

1.1 Basic Definitions

1.2 Mathematical Background

1.2.1 Fourier Transform

1.2.2 Laplace Transform

1.3 Filter Responses

1.3.1 Frequency Response

1.3.2 Transfer Function

1.3.3 Pulse Response

1.3.4 Step Response

1.4 Approximations of the Ideal Low-Pass Characteristic

1.4.1 Butterworth Approximation

1.4.2 Chebysheff Approximation

1.4.3 Cauer Approximation

1.4.4 Bessel Approximation

1.4.5 Some Remarks on the Polynomial Filters

1.5 Time Response

1.5.1 Step Response

1.5.2 Pulse Response

1.6 Representation of 2-Port Linear Networks

1.6.1 Impedance Matrix

1.6.2 Admittance Matrix

1.6.3 ABCD Matrix

1.6.4 Scattering Matrix

1.6.5 Image Parameters

1.7 Related Files

References

2 Lumped Passive Filters

2.0 Introduction

2.1 Lumped Passive 2-Port Networks

2.2 Impedance and Frequency Normalization of a Low-Pass Filter

2.3 Image Parameters for Low-Pass Filters

2.3.1 Constant-k Low-Pass Filters

2.3.2 Procedure for the Dual Filter Derivation

2.3.3 m-Derived Low-Pass Filters

2.3.4 Procedure for the m-Derived Filter Design

2.4 Polynomial Low-Pass Filters

2.4.1 Singly Terminated Polynomial Low-Pass Filters

2.4.2 Doubly Terminated Polynomial Low-Pass Filters

2.4.3 Some Remarks on Passive Polynomial Low-Pass Filters

2.4.4 Closed-Form Synthesis Formulae for LC Low-Pass Filters

2.5 Polynomial High-Pass, Band-Pass, and Notch Filters

2.5.1 High-Pass Filters

2.5.2 Band-Pass Filters

2.5.3 Notch Filters (or Band-Stop Filters)

2.6 Complementary Filters

2.7 Limitations on Lumped Passive Filters

2.7.1 Dissipation Loss

2.7.2 Parasitic Elements

2.8 Related Files

References

3 Active RC Filters

3.0 Introduction

3.1 Operational Amplifiers

3.1.1 Basic Configurations

3.1.2 AC Response

3.1.3 Stability

3.1.4 Noise in Operational Amplifiers

3.1.5 Opamp Dynamic Range

3.2 Active Filters Simulating Passive LC Ladder Networks

3.2.1 Simulation of Shunt Inductors

3.2.2 Frequency-Dependent Negative Resistors

3.3 Low-Pass Filters Realization with Bi-Quad Cells

3.3.1 Factorization of Low-Pass Transfer Function

3.3.2 Active Bi-Quad Cells

3.3.3 Active Low-Pass Filter Examples

3.4 Active High-Pass Filters

3.5 Band-Pass Active Filters

3.5.1 Real-Pole Band-Pass Mapping

3.5.2 Complex Pole and Imaginary Zeroes Band-Pass Mapping

3.5.3 Band-Pass Transfer Function Factorization

3.5.4 An Example of an Active Band-Pass Filter

3.6 Active Notch Filters

3.6.1 Notch Response Factorization

3.6.2 An Example of an Active Notch Filter

3.7 All-Pass Filters

3.8 Performances of the Active RC Filters

3.8.1 Active Filter Noise

3.8.2 Active Filter Dynamic Range

3.8.3 Sensitivity

3.8.4 Standard Component Values

3.9 Related Files

References

4 Transmission Lines

4.0 Introduction

4.1 Definitions

4.2 Telegraphist Equation of the Uniform Multicoupled Transmission Lines

4.3 Admittance Matrix of the TEM Multicoupled Lines

4.4 Isolated Transmission Lines

4.4.1 Loss-Free Isolated Transmission Lines

4.4.2 Design Equations for Some Common Transmission Lines

4.4.3 High-Order Modes

4.4.4 Common Properties of Finite-Length Transmission Lines

4.4.5 Lossy Transmission Lines

4.5 Symmetrical Coupled Lines

4.5.1 Even and Odd Modes

4.5.2 Immittance Matrices

4.5.3 Equivalent Circuits

4.5.4 Design Equations for Symmetrical Coupled Lines

4.6 Additional Analyses of Multicoupled Lines

4.6.1 Equivalent Circuits

4.6.2 Distributed Capacitance

4.7 Additional Considerations About Transmission Lines

4.8 Related Files

References

5 Low-Pass and Band-Stop Distributed Filters

5.0 Introduction

5.1 Semi-Lumped Low-Pass Filters

5.1.1 Design Principle

5.1.2 Semi-Lumped Filter Design

5.1.3 Limitations of the Semi-Lumped Filters

5.2 Richards Transform

5.3 Redundant Networks

5.3.1 Impedance Inverters

5.3.2 Kuroda Identities

5.4 Band-Stop Filters

5.4.1 Commensurate Band-Stop Filters

5.4.2 Non-Commensurate Band-Stop Filters

5.4.3 Examples of Distributed-Constant Filters

5.5 Related Files

References

6 High-Pass and Band-Pass Distributed Filters

6.0 Introduction

6.1 Semi-Lumped High-Pass Filters

6.1.1 Semi-Lumped High-Pass Elements

6.1.2 Semi-Lumped High-Pass Filter Synthesis

6.1.3 Semi-Lumped High-Pass Filter Design

6.2 Comb-Line Filters

6.2.1 Synthesis of the Comb-Line Filters

6.2.2 Analysis of the Comb-Line Filters

6.2.3 An Example of a Comb-Line Filter

6.3 Periodic Band-Pass Filters

6.4 Interdigital Filters

6.4.1 Synthesis Formulae for the Interdigital Filters

6.4.2 An Example of a Narrow-Band Interdigital Filter

6.5 Direct-Coupled Stub Filters

6.5.1 Direct-Coupled Stub Synthesis Formulae

6.5.2 Examples of Direct-Coupled Stub Filters

6.6 Edge-Coupled Filters

6.6.1 Narrow-Band Edge-Coupled Filters

6.6.2 Wide-Band Edge-Coupled Filters

6.6.3 Spurious Response in Edge-Coupled Filters

6.7 Other Types of Pass-Band Filters and Design Techniques

6.7.1 Pass-Band Filter Synthesis with the Coupling Coefficients

6.7.2 Hairpin Filters

6.7.3 Tapped Filters

6.8 Related Files

References

7 Special Designs of High-Frequency Filters

7.0 Introduction

7.1 Multiplexers

7.1.1 An Example of a Noncontiguous Diplexer

7.1.2 An Example of a Contiguous Triplexer

7.2 Tunable Filters

7.2.1 Varactor Characterization

7.2.2 Tunable Comb-Lines

7.2.3 Tunable Notch

7.3 Active Filters

7.3.1 Gallium Arsenide Field Effect Transistors

7.3.2 Filters with Automatic Loss Compensation

7.3.3 Filters with Automatic Frequency Control

7.4 Pseudo-Elliptic Filters

7.5 High-Power Filters

7.6 Related Files

References

8 Discrete-Time Filters

8.0 Introduction

8.1 Mathematical Background

8.1.1 Z-Transform

8.1.2 Discrete Fourier Transform

8.1.3 Fourier Series

8.2 Digital Signal Processing

8.2.1 Sampling

8.2.2 Quantization

8.2.3 Quantization Distortion

8.2.4 ADC Pulse Shaping

8.2.5 Signal Interpolation

8.2.6 Response of the Analog Channel

8.3 Digital Filters

8.3.1 Basic DSP Working Principles

8.3.2 IIR Filters

8.3.3 FIR Filters

8.4 Switched-Capacitor Filters

8.5 Related Files

References

9 Waveguide Filters

9.0 Introduction

9.1 Propagation in Waveguides

9.1.1 TE and TM Modes

9.1.2 Phase Constant

9.1.3 Dominant Mode

9.1.4 Guided Wavelength

9.1.5 Phase and Group Velocities

9.1.6 Wave Impedance and Characteristic Impedance

9.1.7 Rectangular Waveguide

9.1.8 Ridge Waveguide

9.1.9 Circular Waveguide

9.2 Reactive Elements in Waveguide

9.2.1 Shunt-Inductive Obstacles

9.2.2 Shunt-Capacitive Obstacles

9.3 Shunt-Inductive Loaded Filter

9.3.1 Design Procedure

9.3.2 Design Example

9.3.3 Design Procedure for Wide-Band Filter

9.3.4 Design Example

9.4 Cross-Coupled Cavity Filters

9.4.1 Elliptic and Generalized Chebysheff Filtering Functions

9.4.2 Coupling Matrix Description for Narrow-Band Cross-Coupled Filters

9.4.3 Rectangular Waveguide Realization

9.4.4 Design Procedure of H-Plane and E-Plane Folded Filters

9.4.5 Design Examples

9.5 Dual-Mode Cavity Filters

9.5.1 Dual-Mode Circular and Rectangular Cavity Filters

9.6 Low-Pass Filters

9.6.1 Tapered Corrugated Waveguide Filters

9.6.2 Evanescent-Mode Ridged Waveguide Filters

9.7 Related Files

References

Appendixes

Appendix A: Calculation of the Polynomial Coefficients from a Factorized Expression

Appendix B: Reflection Coefficients Zeroes of a Polynomial All-Pole Low-Pass Filter

Appendix C: Complementarity of the Singly Terminated Low-Pass and High-Pass Filters with the Same Cutoff Frequency, Order, and Load Resistance

Index