Programming and Customizing the PICAXE Microcontroller 2/E

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Programming and Customizing the PICAXE Microcontroller 2/E

Programming and Customizing the PICAXE Microcontroller 2/E

Authors: David Lincoln

Published: December 2010

eISBN: 9780071745550 0071745556 | ISBN: 9780071745543

Contents

Chapter 1 Introduction

What Is a Microcontroller?

Where Are Microcontrollers Used?

The Advantages of a Programmable Device

Why Is It Important to Understand Microcontrollers?

What Is a PICAXE[sup(®)] Microcontroller?

Handling Precautions

The Experiments

Chapter 2 PICAXE Architecture

Chip Architecture

Powering the PICAXE

Resetting the PICAXE

Downloading Programs to the PICAXE

Clocking PICAXE Chips

PICAXE Memory

General-Purpose Variables

System Variables

Scratchpad

Storage Variables

Special Function

EEPROM

Table

Pointers

Ports

Interrupts

Chapter 3 Interfacing and Input Output Techniques

PICAXE Input and Output

Hardware Interfacing

Digital Interfacing

Port Addressing

Setting the Direction of Configurable Pins

Analog Interfacing

Parallel and Serial Interfacing

Asynchronous—RS232

Personal Computer Connectivity

I2C

SPI

UNI/O

1-Wire

Keyboard

Infrared

Pulses

Servo Motors

Chapter 4 Programming

What Is a Program?

Writing BASIC Code

Compiler Directives

Data

Meaningful Names

Commands

Labels

Comments

Reserved Words

Assigning Values to Variables

Advanced Programming

Program Flow

Code Structures

Selection

Iteration

Pointers

Subroutines

Pausing and Stopping Program Execution

Power Saving

Interrupts

Program Testing and Debugging

Programming with Flowcharts

Chapter 5 PICAXE Arithmetic and Data Conversion

Number Systems

Binary

Octal

Hexadecimal

Decimal

Binary-Coded Decimal

ASCII

Picaxe Arithmetic

Multiplication

Division

Boolean Arithmetic

Data Conversion

Converting between Decimal Digits (BCD) and ASCII

Converting between Binary and Octal

Converting between Binary and Hexadecimal

Converting Binary to Decimal and BCD

Converting ASCII, BCD, and Decimal to Binary

ASCII Integers

ASCII Fractions

Advanced Arithmetic

Decimal Fractions

Adding and Subtracting Decimal Fractions

Multiplying Decimal Fractions

Dividing Fractions

Converting Decimal Fractions to ASCII

BCD Arithmetic

BCD Addition

Subtraction of BCD Digits

Arithmetic with Signed Numbers

Addition and Subtraction of Signed Binary Integers

Multiplying and Dividing Signed Binary Numbers

Comparing Signed Numbers

Converting Signed Binary Numbers to Decimal

Arithmetic with Binary Fractions

Converting Binary Fractions to Decimal

Converting ASCII Fractions to Binary Fractions

Floating-Point Arithmetic

Lookup

Lookdown

Chapter 6 Experiments

Basic Experiments

Constructing the Schools Experimenter Board

Testing

If It Doesn’t Work

Using Programming Editor to Download Programs to the Schools Experimenter Board

If Program Downloading Fails

Connecting External Devices

Flash the Red LED

Flash the Yellow LED

Flash the Red and Green LEDs Alternately

Play Sounds through the Piezo Speaker

Digital Input

Turn the Red LED On If the Switch Is Pressed

Turn the Red LED On If Dark

Analog Input

Turn the Red, Green, and Yellow LEDs On Depending on Light Level

Turn On the Red, Green, and Yellow LEDs Using a Potentiometer

Using a Transistor to Drive a Relay

Using a Transistor to Operate a Motor

Controlling Motor Speed

Controlling Motor Speed with a Potentiometer

Operating a Solenoid

Operating an Incandescent Lamp

Water Detector

Chapter 7 Advanced Experiments

Bipolar Transistor Output Driver

Interfacing Bipolar NPN Transistors

Interfacing MOSFETs to a PICAXE

N-Channel MOSFETS

Transistor Input Driver

Interfacing TTL Chips

Integrated Driver Circuits

H Bridge Motor Drivers L293, SN754410, L298

Controlling Motor Speed and Direction with a Potentiometer

Stepper Motors

Identifying the Windings

Identifying the Winding Sequence

Circuit Description

Servo Motors

Input and Output Expansion

Input and Output Expansion Using Shift Registers

Input and Output Expansion Using Addressable I/O Expansion Chips

Using Switches for Input

Relays

Wireless Links

Infrared

Radio

Light-Emitting Diodes

Seven-Segment LED Displays

Liquid Crystal Displays

Connecting an LCD Using a Shift Register

Keypad Input

Telephone Intercom

Testing

If It Doesn’t Work

Connecting Phone Lines

Voltmeter

Circuit Description

1-Wire Serial Number

1-Wire Temperature

Radio Frequency Identification

Simple ASCII Terminal

I2C Memory Expansion

I2C I/O Expansion

I2C Clock/Calendar

SPI Memory Expansion

SPI I/O Expansion

UNI/O[sup()] Memory Expansion

Chapter 8 PICAXE M2 Supplement

Introduction

Powering the PICAXE M2 Series Chips

Resetting the M2 Series Chips

Downloading Programs to the M2 Series Chips

Clocking the M2 Series Chips

Memory Arrangement for M2 Series Chips

General-Purpose Variables for the M2 Series Chips

System Variables for M2 Series Chips

Storage Variables for the M2 Series Chips

Special Function Variables

EEPROM

Pointers

Byte-Scratchpad Pointer

Ports

Setting the Direction of Configurable Pins

Interrupts

Interfacing and Input Output Techniques

Programming

Compatibility with Existing M and X Series Programs

Subroutines

PICAXE Arithmetic and Data Conversion

Parallel Task Programming (Multitasking)

Examples of Parallel Task Processing

Touch Sensing

Digital to Analog Conversion

Fixed-Voltage Reference

Elapsed Seconds Timer

SR Latch

M2 Experiments

Touch Sensing

Code Description

Digital to Analog Conversion

Code Description

Minute Timer

SR Latch Demonstration

Appendix: Circuit Symbols

Index