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CITATION

Kiameh, Philip. Power Generation Handbook 2/E. McGraw-Hill Professional, 2011.

Power Generation Handbook 2/E

Authors: Philip Kiameh

Published:  October 2011

eISBN: 9780071772327 0071772324 | ISBN: 9780071772273
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  • Contents
  • Preface
  • Acknowledgments
  • 1 Review of Thermodynamic Principles
  • The First Law of Thermodynamics
  • Enthalpy
  • Closed System
  • The Cycle
  • Property Relationships
  • Perfect Gases
  • Nonperfect Gases
  • Vapor-Liquid Phase Equilibrium in a Pure Substance
  • The Second Law of Thermodynamics
  • The Concept of Reversibility
  • External and Internal Irreversibilities
  • The Concept of Entropy
  • The Carnot Cycle
  • Bibliography
  • 2 Steam Power Plants
  • The Rankine Cycle
  • Reheat
  • Regeneration
  • Feedwater Heating
  • The Internally Irreversible Rankine Cycle
  • Open or Direct-Contact Feedwater Heaters
  • Closed-Type Feedwater Heater with Drains Cascaded Backward
  • Efficiency and Heat Rate
  • Supercritical Plants
  • Co-generation
  • Types of Co-generation
  • Arrangements of Co-generation Plants
  • Economics of Co-generation
  • 3 Steam Turbine Components
  • Introduction
  • Mechanisms of Energy Conversion in a Steam Turbine
  • Turbine Components
  • Main Components
  • Geometry of the Rotating Blades (Buckets)
  • Rotors, Shafts, and Drums
  • Casings
  • Exhaust Hood
  • 4 Steam Turbines and Auxiliaries
  • Turbine Types
  • Single-Cylinder Turbines
  • Compound Turbines
  • Turbine Control Systems
  • Speed Governors
  • Pressure Governors
  • Lubrication Requirements
  • Journal Bearings
  • Thrust Bearings
  • Hydraulic Control Systems
  • Gear Drives
  • Turning Gear
  • Factors Affecting Lubrication
  • Circulation and Heating in the Presence of Air
  • Contamination
  • Lubricating Oil Characteristics
  • Viscosity
  • Load-Carrying Ability
  • Oxidation Stability
  • Protection Against Rusting
  • Water-Separating Ability
  • Foam Resistance
  • Entrained-Air Release
  • Fire Resistance
  • Bibliography
  • 5 Power Station Performance Monitoring
  • Turbine Efficiency Tests
  • Method and Effect on Heat Rate
  • Effect of Loading
  • Interpretation of Results
  • Turbine Pressure Survey
  • Introduction
  • Application of the Method
  • Main Shaft Gland-Leakage Rate
  • Bibliography
  • 6 Turbine Governing Systems
  • Governor Characteristics
  • Subsidiary Functions
  • Acceleration Feedback
  • Unloading Gear
  • Governor Speed Reference
  • Closed-Loop Control of the Turbine Electrical Load
  • Overspeed Testing
  • Automatic Run-Up and Loading Systems
  • Electronic Governing
  • Reheater Relief Valves
  • Hydraulic Fluid System
  • Filtration
  • Bibliography
  • 7 Steam Chests and Valves
  • Steam Chest Arrangements and Construction
  • Steam-Chest Material
  • Steam Strainers
  • Emergency Stop Valves
  • Governor Valves
  • Bibliography
  • 8 Turbine Protective Devices
  • Possible Hazards
  • Protection Scheme
  • Overspeed Trip
  • Bibliography
  • 9 Turbine Instrumentation
  • Instrumentation Categories
  • Supervisory Instrumentation
  • Efficiency Instrumentation
  • Bibliography
  • 10 Lubrication Systems
  • Lubrication Requirements and Typical Arrangements
  • Oil Pumps
  • Main Lubricating Oil Pump
  • Turbine-Driven Oil-Booster Pump
  • AC and DC Motor-Driven Auxiliary Oil Pumps
  • Jacking Oil Pumps and Priming Pumps
  • Oil Tanks
  • Piping
  • Oil Coolers
  • Oil Strainer and Filters
  • Oil Purifiers and Coalescers
  • Centrifugal Separation Systems
  • Static Oil Purifiers/Coalescers
  • Oils and Greases
  • Oils
  • Greases
  • Jacking Oil Systems
  • Greasing Systems
  • Bibliography
  • 11 Gland Sealing System
  • Function and System Layout
  • Labyrinth Seals
  • System Layout
  • Temperature and Pressure Control
  • Temperature Control
  • Pressure Control
  • Gland Steam Condenser
  • Bibliography
  • 12 Gas Turbine Fundamentals
  • Gas Turbine Cycles
  • Ideal Cycles
  • Waste Heat Recuperators
  • Reheat Cycle
  • Combined-Cycle Plants
  • Defining Terms
  • Bibliography
  • 13 An Overview of Gas Turbines
  • Introduction
  • The Brayton Cycle
  • Industrial Heavy-Duty Gas Turbines
  • Aircraft-Derivative Gas Turbines
  • Medium-Range Gas Turbines
  • Small Gas Turbines
  • Major Gas Turbine Components
  • Compressors
  • Compressor Materials
  • Two-Stage Compression
  • Regenerators
  • Combustors
  • Turbines
  • Heat Recovery Steam Generators
  • Total Energy Arrangement
  • Gas Turbine Applications
  • Comparison of Gas Turbines with Other Prime Movers
  • Bibliography
  • 14 Gas Turbine Compressors
  • Centrifugal Compressors
  • Principle of Operation
  • Compressor Characteristics
  • Axial-Flow Compressors
  • Nomenclature
  • Suffixes
  • 15 Gas Turbine Design
  • Introduction
  • Compressors
  • Compressor Off-Design Performance
  • Low Rotational Speeds
  • High Rotational Speeds
  • Combustors
  • Principles of Operation
  • Combustor Design Details
  • Cooling Provisions
  • Transition Housing and Ignition
  • Turbines
  • Turbine Operation
  • Blade Cooling
  • Types of Cooling
  • Effectiveness of the Various Cooling Methods
  • Materials
  • Performance Degradation
  • Recoverable
  • Non-Recoverable
  • Bibliography
  • 16 Gas Turbine Calculations
  • Regenerative-Cycle Gas-Turbine Analysis
  • Calculation Procedure
  • Bibliography
  • 17 Gas Turbine Combustors
  • Combustion Terms
  • Combustion
  • Combustion Chamber Design
  • Flame Stabilization
  • Combustion and Dilution
  • Film Cooling of the Liner
  • Fuel Atomization and Ignition
  • Gas Injection
  • Wall Cooling
  • Wall Cooling Techniques
  • Combustor Design Considerations
  • Air Pollution Problems
  • Smoke
  • Hydrocarbon and Carbon Monoxide
  • Oxides of Nitrogen
  • Typical Combustor Arrangements
  • Combustors for Low Emissions
  • Combustors for Small Engines (Less Than 3 MW)
  • Industrial Chambers
  • Aeroderivative Engines
  • Bibliography
  • 18 Axial-Flow Turbines
  • Turbine Geometry
  • Degree of Reaction
  • Utilization Factor
  • Work Factor
  • Impulse Turbine
  • The Reaction Turbine
  • Turbine Blade Cooling Methods
  • Convection Cooling
  • Impingement Cooling
  • Film Cooling
  • Transpiration Cooling
  • Water Cooling
  • Turbine Blade Cooling Designs
  • Cooled-Turbine Aerodynamics
  • Bibliography
  • 19 Gas Turbine Materials
  • General Metallurgical Behaviors in Gas Turbines
  • Creep and Rupture
  • Ductility and Fracture
  • Thermal Fatigue
  • Corrosion
  • Gas Turbine Blade Materials
  • Turbine Wheel Alloys
  • Coatings for Gas Turbine Materials
  • Bibliography
  • 20 Gas Turbine Lubrication and Fuel Systems
  • Gas Turbine Lubrication Systems
  • Cold-Start Preparations
  • Fuel Systems
  • Liquid Fuels
  • Water and Sediment
  • Carbon Residue
  • Trace Metallic Constituents and Sulfur
  • Gaseous Fuels
  • Gas Fuel Systems
  • Starting
  • Intake System
  • Compressor Cleaning
  • 21 Gas Turbine Bearings and Seals
  • Bearings
  • Bearing Design Principles
  • Tilting-Pad Journal Bearings
  • Bearing Materials
  • Bearing and Shaft Instabilities
  • Thrust Bearings
  • Factors Affecting Thrust-Bearing Design
  • Thrust-Bearing Power Loss
  • Seals
  • Noncontacting Seals
  • Mechanical (Face) Seals
  • Seal Systems
  • Bibliography
  • 22 Gas Turbine Instrumentation and Control Systems
  • Vibration Measurement
  • Pressure Measurement
  • Temperature Measurement
  • Thermocouples
  • Resistive Thermal Detectors
  • Control Systems
  • Speed Control
  • Temperature Control
  • Protective Systems
  • Start-Up Sequence
  • Starting Preparations
  • Start-Up Description
  • Shutdown
  • Fuel System
  • Baseline for Machinery
  • Mechanical Baseline
  • Aerothermal Baseline
  • Data Trending
  • Compressor Aerothermal Characteristics and Compressor Surge
  • Failure Diagnostics
  • Compressor Analysis
  • Combustor Analysis
  • Turbine Analysis
  • Turbine Efficiency
  • Mechanical Problem Diagnostics
  • Instrumentation and Control Systems of a Typical Modern Gas Turbine
  • Modern Gas Turbine Control Systems
  • Closed-Loop Controllers
  • Protective Systems
  • Permissives (Interlocks)
  • Liquid Fuel Supply
  • Start-Up Sequence of the Gas Turbine
  • Bibliography
  • 23 Gas Turbine Performance Characteristics
  • Thermodynamic Principles
  • Thermodynamic Analysis
  • Factors Affecting Gas Turbine Performance
  • Air Extraction
  • Performance Enhancements
  • Inlet Cooling
  • Steam and Water Injection for Power Augmentation
  • Peak Rating
  • Performance Degradation
  • Verifying Gas Turbine Performance
  • Bibliography
  • 24 Gas Turbine Operating and Maintenance Considerations
  • Gas Turbine Design Maintenance Features
  • Borescope Inspection
  • Major Factors Influencing Maintenance and Equipment Life
  • Starts and Hours Criteria
  • Service Factors
  • Fuel
  • Firing Temperature
  • Steam or Water Injection
  • Cyclic Effects
  • Air Quality
  • Combustion Inspection
  • Hot-Gas-Path Inspection
  • Major Inspection
  • 25 Gas Turbine Emission Guidelines and Control Methods
  • Emissions from Gas Turbines
  • General Approach for a National Emission Guideline
  • NO[sub(X)] Emission Target Levels
  • Power Output Allowance
  • Heat Recovery Allowance
  • Emission Levels for Other Contaminants
  • Carbon Monoxide
  • Sulfur Dioxide
  • Other Contaminants
  • Size Ranges for Emission Targets
  • Peaking Units
  • Emission Monitoring
  • NO[sub(X)] Emission Control Methods
  • Water and Steam Injection
  • Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)
  • Dry Low-NO[sub(X)] Combustors
  • Bibliography
  • 26 Combined Cycles
  • The Nonideal Brayton Cycle
  • Modifications of the Brayton Cycle
  • Regeneration
  • Compressor Intercooling
  • Turbine Reheat
  • Water Injection
  • Design for High Temperature
  • Materials
  • Cooling
  • Fuels
  • Combined Cycles
  • Combined Cycles with Heat-Recovery Boiler
  • The STAG Combined-Cycle Power Plant
  • Combined Cycles with Multipressure Steam
  • Bibliography
  • 27 Absorption Chillers
  • 28 Selection Considerations of Combined Cycles and Co-generation Plants
  • The Heat Recovery Steam Generator
  • Co-generation Steam Considerations
  • Requirement of Chrome-Moly Steel
  • Misleading Thermodynamics
  • Equipment Availability
  • Maintenance Cost
  • Operational Cost
  • Turbine Cost
  • Operating Staff
  • Heat of Condensation
  • Pipework to Steam Host
  • Requirement of Steam Host
  • Combined Cycle
  • Selection and Economics of Combined Cycles
  • Guidelines
  • 29 Application of Co-generation and Combined Cycle Plants
  • Guidelines for Addition of a Steam Turbine
  • Scenario A—Food-Processing Plant
  • Solution
  • Scenario B—Repowering a Power Generating Plant
  • Solution
  • Scenario C—Chemical Plant
  • Solution
  • Scenario D—Pulp and Paper Plant
  • Solution
  • 30 Co-generation Application Considerations
  • Co-generation
  • Net Heat to Process and Fuel Chargeable to Power
  • Steam Turbines for Co-generation
  • Gas Turbine Power Enhancement
  • Gas Turbine Exhaust Heat Recovery
  • Heat-Recovery Steam Generators
  • Unfired HRSG
  • Supplementary—Fired HRSG
  • Fully Fired HRSG
  • Cycle Configurations
  • Co-generation Opportunities
  • 31 Central Steam, Co-generation, and District Heating Plant
  • Utilities Division
  • 32 Economic and Technical Considerations for Combined-Cycle Performance—Enhancement Options
  • Economic Evaluation Technique
  • Output Enhancement
  • Gas Turbine Inlet Air Cooling
  • Power Augmentation
  • Efficiency Enhancement
  • Fuel Heating
  • Conclusion
  • Bibliography
  • 33 Wind Power Generation
  • Overview
  • Introduction
  • Components of a Turbine
  • Alternative Turbine Designs: Horizontal versus Vertical Axis
  • Evaluation of a Potential Location for a Wind Power Plant Using Wind Data
  • Using Statistical Distributions to Approximate Available Energy
  • Effects of Season and Height on Wind Speed
  • Estimating Power Output from a Specific Turbine for a Proposed Site
  • Rated Capacity and Capacity Factor
  • Turbine Design
  • Tip Speed Ratio, Induced Radial Wind Speed, and Optimal Turbine Rotation Speed
  • Theoretical Limits on Turbine Performance
  • Bibliography
  • Appendix A: Capacity Factor
  • Sample Calculation
  • Reasons for Reduced Capacity Factor
  • Load-Following Power Plants
  • Capacity Factor and Renewable Energy
  • Typical Capacity Factors
  • Appendix B: Boundary Layer Concepts
  • Description of the Boundary Layer
  • Drag on Immersed Bodies
  • 34 Economics of Wind Power
  • Economic Analysis of Wind Power Generation
  • Comparisons of Large- and Small-Scale Wind Systems
  • Bibliography
  • Appendix: Definitions of Economic Terms
  • Time Value of Money
  • Economic Decision Making
  • Comparison of Alternatives
  • Rate of Return
  • Financial Statements
  • Taxes and Depreciation
  • Project Cash Flows
  • Analysis with Inflation
  • Economic Life and Replacement
  • 35 Solar Power
  • Overview
  • Introduction
  • Availability of Energy from the Sun and Geographic Availability
  • Direct, Diffuse, and Global Insolation
  • Bibliography
  • Appendix: Perpetual Julian Date Calendar
  • 36 Solar Photovoltaic Technologies
  • Overview
  • Introduction
  • Fundamentals of PV Cell Performance
  • Losses in PV Cells and Gross Current Generated by Incoming Light
  • Net Current Generated as a Function of Device Parameters
  • Other Factors Affecting Performance
  • Calculation of Unit Cost of PV Panels
  • Design and Operation of Practical PV Systems
  • Available System Components for Different Types of Designs
  • Estimating Output from PV Systems: Basic Approach
  • Bibliography
  • Appendix: Estimating Output from PV Systems—Extended Approach
  • 37 Economics of Solar Power Systems
  • Introduction
  • Sensitivity Analysis of Payback to Insolation, Cost of Electricity, and MARR
  • The Role of Government and Individual Support for PV Systems
  • Importance of Energy-Efficient Appliances
  • Bibliography
  • 38 Fundamentals of Electrical Systems
  • Capacitors
  • Current and Resistance
  • The Magnetic Field
  • Ampère’s Law
  • Magnetic Field in a Solenoid
  • Faraday’s Law of Induction
  • Lenz’s Law
  • Inductance
  • Alternating Currents
  • Resistive Circuit
  • Capacitive Circuit
  • Inductive Circuit
  • Bibliography
  • 39 Introduction to Machinery Principles
  • Electric Machines and Transformers
  • Common Terms and Principles
  • The Magnetic Field
  • Production of a Magnetic Field
  • Magnetic Behavior of Ferromagnetic Materials
  • Energy Losses in a Ferromagnetic Core
  • Faraday’s Law—Induced Voltage from a Magnetic Field Changing with Time
  • Production of Induced Force on a Wire
  • Induced Voltage on a Conductor Moving in a Magnetic Field
  • Bibliography
  • 40 Transformers
  • Importance of Transformers
  • Types and Construction of Transformers
  • The Ideal Transformer
  • Power in an Ideal Transformer
  • Impedance Transformation Through a Transformer
  • Analysis of Circuits Containing Ideal Transformers
  • Theory of Operation of Real Single-Phase Transformers
  • The Voltage Ratio Across a Transformer
  • The Magnetizing Current in a Real Transformer
  • The Equivalent Circuit of a Transformer
  • The Exact Equivalent Circuit of a Real Transformer
  • Approximate Equivalent Circuits of a Transformer
  • Bibliography
  • 41 Transformer Components and Maintenance
  • Classification of Transformers
  • Dry Transformers
  • Oil-Immersed Transformers
  • Main Components of a Power Transformer
  • Transformer Core
  • Windings
  • Nitrogen Demand System
  • Conservator Tank With Air Cell
  • Current Transformers
  • Bushings
  • Tap Changers
  • Insulation
  • Types and Features of Insulation
  • Reasons for Deterioration
  • Forces
  • Cause of Transformer Failures
  • Transformer Oil
  • Testing Transformer Insulating Oil
  • Causes of Deterioration
  • The Neutralization Number Test
  • The Interfacial Tension Test
  • The Myers Index Number
  • The Transformer Oil Classification System
  • Methods of Dealing with Bad Oil
  • Gas-In-Oil
  • Gas Relay and Collection Systems
  • Gas Relay
  • Relief Devices
  • Interconnection with the Grid
  • Bibliography
  • 42 AC Machine Fundamentals
  • The Rotating Magnetic Field
  • Proof of the Rotating Magnetic Flux Concept
  • The Relationship Between Electrical Frequency and the Speed of Magnetic Field Rotation
  • Reversing the Direction of the Magnetic Field Rotation
  • Induced Voltage in AC Machines
  • The Induced Voltage in a Coil on a Two-Pole Stator
  • The Induced Voltage in a Three-Phase Set of Coils
  • The RMS Voltage in a Three-Phase Stator
  • The Induced Torque in an AC Machine
  • Winding Insulation in AC Machines
  • AC Machine Power Flows and Losses
  • Bibliography
  • 43 Synchronous Generators
  • Synchronous Generator Construction
  • The Speed of Rotation of a Synchronous Generator
  • The Internal Generated Voltage of a Synchronous Generator
  • The Equivalent Circuit of a Synchronous Generator
  • The Phasor Diagram of a Synchronous Generator
  • Power and Torque in Synchronous Generators
  • The Synchronous Generator Operating Alone
  • The Effect of Load Changes on a Synchronous Generator Operating Alone
  • Parallel Operation of AC Generators
  • The Conditions Required for Paralleling
  • The General Procedure for Paralleling Generators
  • Frequency-Power and Voltage-Reactive Power Characteristics of a Synchronous Generator
  • Operation of Generators in Parallel with Large Power Systems
  • Synchronous Generator Ratings
  • The Voltage, Speed, and Frequency Ratings
  • Apparent Power and Power-Factor Ratings
  • Synchronous Generator Capability Curves
  • Short-Time Operation and Service Factor
  • Bibliography
  • 44 Generator Components, Auxiliaries, and Excitation
  • The Rotor
  • Rotor Winding
  • Rotor End Rings
  • Wedges and Dampers
  • Slip Rings, Brush Gear, and Shaft Grounding
  • Fans
  • Rotor Threading and Alignment
  • Vibration
  • Bearings and Seals
  • Size and Weight
  • Turbine-Generator Components—The Stator
  • Stator Core
  • Core Frame
  • Stator Winding
  • End Winding Support
  • Electrical Connections and Terminals
  • Stator Winding Cooling Components
  • Hydrogen Cooling Components
  • Stator Casing
  • Cooling Systems
  • Hydrogen Cooling
  • Hydrogen Cooling System
  • Shaft Seals and Seal Oil System
  • Thrust-Type Seal
  • Journal-Type Seal
  • Seal Oil System
  • Stator Winding Water Cooling System
  • Other Cooling Systems
  • Excitation
  • AC Excitation Systems
  • Exciter Transient Performance
  • The Pilot Exciter
  • The Main Exciter
  • Exciter Performance Testing
  • Pilot Exciter Protection
  • Brushless Excitation Systems
  • The Rotating Armature Main Exciter
  • The Voltage Regulator
  • Background
  • System Description
  • The Regulator
  • Auto Follow-Up Circuit
  • Manual Follow-Up
  • AVR Protection
  • The Digital AVR
  • Excitation Control
  • Rotor Current Limiter
  • Overfluxing Limit
  • The Power System Stabilizer
  • Characteristics of a Generator Exciter Power System (GEP)
  • Excitation System Analysis
  • Generator Operation
  • Running up to Speed
  • Open-Circuit Conditions and Synchronizing
  • The Application of a Load
  • Capability Chart
  • Neutral Grounding
  • Rotor Torque
  • Bibliography
  • 45 Generator Testing, Inspection, and Maintenance
  • Generator Operational Checks (Surveillance and Monitoring)
  • Major Overhaul (Every 8 to 10 Years)
  • Appendix A: Generator Diagnostic Testing
  • Stator Insulation Tests
  • Direct Current Tests for Stator and Rotor Windings
  • Alternating Current Tests for Stator Windings
  • Synchronous Machine Rotor Windings
  • Detecting the Location of Shorted Turns with Rotor Removed
  • Low-Core Flux Test (EL-CID)
  • Appendix B: Mechanical Tests
  • Stator Winding Tightness Check
  • Stator Winding Side Clearance Check
  • Core Lamination Tightness Check (Knife Test)
  • Visual Techniques
  • 46 Multiple-Choice Questions on Thermodynamic Principles
  • 47 Frequently Asked Questions
  • Review of Thermodynamic Principles (Chap. 1)
  • Fundamentals of Electrical Systems (Chap. 38)
  • Introduction to Machinery Principles (Chap. 39)
  • Transformers (Chap. 40)
  • Transformer Components and Maintenance (Chap. 41)
  • AC Machine Fundamentals (Chap. 42)
  • Synchronous Generators (Chap. 43)
  • Generator Components, Auxiliaries, and Excitation (Chap. 44)
  • Index