Stormwater Design for Sustainable Development

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Stormwater Design for Sustainable Development

Stormwater Design for Sustainable Development

Authors: Ronald Rossmiller

Published: October 2013

eISBN: 9780071816557 0071816550 | ISBN: 9780071816526

Cover

About the Author

Title Page

Copyrigth Page

Contents

Preface

Abbreviations

1 Introduction

1.1 Why This Book

1.1.1 Where We Were and Are Now

1.1.2 For Whom Was This Book Written?

1.1.3 Purposes of This Book

1.1.4 Sustainability and the Triple Bottom Line

1.2 The Book’s Contents

1.3 A Better Way to Develop Land

1.4 Intent of This Book

1.5 Spreadsheets

1.6 Organization of the Book

1.7 Some Final Thoughts

2 Developing Low-Impact Developments

2.1 Low-Impact Development

2.2 America Is Becoming Green

2.3 Maximize Development’s Attractiveness

2.4 Minimize Runoff Rates and Volumes

2.5 Maximize Reduction of Pollutants

2.6 Minimize Construction, Operation, and Maintenance Costs

2.7 Educational Opportunities

2.8 Realistic Approach

2.8.1 Evolution of a Development

2.8.2 Some Suggestions

2.9 Balanced-Layered Approach to Sustainability

2.9.1 Local Streets

2.9.2 Sidewalks

2.9.3 Lot Sizes

2.9.4 Front-Yard Setbacks (Coving)

2.9.5 Side-Yard Setbacks

2.9.6 Driveways

2.9.7 Gathering Places: Open Space

2.9.8 Architecture

2.9.9 Rain Gardens

2.9.10 Lawns, Shrubs, and Trees

2.9.11 Other BMPs

2.10 Summary

3 Coving and Curvilinear Streets

3.1 Introduction

3.2 A Better Approach

3.3 Coving (Front-Yard Setbacks)

3.4 Benefits of Coving and Curvilinear Streets

3.5 Traditional Subdivision

3.6 Newer Neighborhood Approach

3.7 Newer Neighborhood Concept Applications

3.8 Altoona Heights

3.8.1 Traditional Grid Streets

3.8.2 Curvilinear Streets

3.9 Walnut Creek Highlands

3.9.1 Traditional Grid Streets

3.9.2 Curvilinear Streets

3.10 Santiago Creek

3.10.1 Traditional Grid Streets

3.10.2 Curvilinear Streets

3.11 Summary

4 Planning

4.1 Planning a New or Retrofitting an Existing Development

4.2 Fatal Flaw Analysis

4.3 Proposed Land Use

4.4 Information Needed

4.4.1 Topographic Information

4.4.2 Survey and Boundary Data

4.4.3 Soils and Geologic Data

4.4.4 Hydrologic and Hydraulic Data

4.4.5 Regulatory Data

4.5 Other Basic Information Needs

4.5.1 Political Considerations

4.5.2 Social Considerations

4.5.3 Financial Considerations

4.5.4 Information on BMPs

5 Types of Best Management Practices

5.1 Land-Consuming Detention Basins

5.2 Purposes of BMPs

5.3 Types of BMPs

5.3.1 EPA’s Definition

5.3.2 Source Controls

5.3.3 Treatment Controls

5.3.4 BMP Descriptions

5.4 Greenroofs

5.4.1 Definition of a Greenroof

5.4.2 Discussion

5.5 Catch Basin Inserts

5.5.1 Definition

5.5.2 Variety of Manufactured Inserts

5.6 Lawns

5.6.1 Definition

5.6.2 Discussion

5.7 Vegetated Swales (Bioswales)

5.7.1 Definition

5.7.2 Description

5.8 Infiltration Trenches

5.8.1 Definition

5.8.2 Advantages

5.8.3 Design

5.9 Rain Gardens (Rain Garden Network, 2008a)

5.9.1 Definition

5.9.2 Discussion

5.9.3 Soil Types

5.9.4 Benefits (Rain Garden Network, 2008b)

5.9.5 Size and Installation

5.10 Perforated Pipe Surrounded by Gravel

5.10.1 Location and Construction

5.11 Porous Pavements

5.11.1 Definition

5.11.2 Locations Where Used

5.11.3 Layers

5.11.4 Design Considerations

5.11.5 Construction Considerations for Porous Asphalt Concrete

5.12 Permeable Pavements

5.12.1 Definition

5.13 Sediment Basins

5.13.1 Definition

5.13.2 Discussion

5.14 Extended Detention Basins

5.14.1 Definition

5.14.2 Discussion

5.15 Dry Detention Basins

5.15.1 Definition

5.15.2 Discussion

5.15.3 Forebays

5.16 Wet Detention Basins

5.16.1 Definition

5.16.2 Difference from a Dry Detention Basin

5.17 Buffer Zones

5.17.1 Definition

5.17.2 Discussion

5.17.3 Widths

5.17.4 Three-Zone Buffer System

5.17.5 Maintenance Considerations

5.17.6 Design Factors

6 Precipitation

6.1 Summary of First Five Chapters

6.2 Introduction

6.3 Rainfall Gaging Stations

6.3.1 Standard Gage

6.3.2 Weighing Bucket

6.3.3 Tipping Bucket

6.3.4 Alter Shield

6.3.5 Volunteers

6.3.6 Gage Locations

6.3.7 Areal Extent and Rainfall Depths in a Storm

6.4 Average Rainfall over an Area

6.4.1 Arithmetic Mean Method

6.4.2 Thiessen Method

6.4.3 Isohyetal Method

6.5 Rainfall Intensity

6.6 Storm Duration

6.7 Rainfall Depth

6.8 Time Distribution of Rainfall

6.9 Variables Needed for Development and Other Projects

6.10 Madison, Wisconsin, as a Case Study

7 Drainage Area Estimation

7.1 Definition and Comments

7.2 Steps in Watershed Delineation

7.3 Available Computer Tools

7.4 Topographic Maps

7.5 Stream Network

7.6 Watershed Delineation in Rural Areas

7.6.1 Stream Network

7.6.2 Watershed Boundary

7.7 Watershed Delineation in Urban Areas

7.7.1 Stream Network

7.7.2 Watershed Boundary

7.8 Subarea Boundaries

7.9 Drainage Area Estimation

7.10 Rural and Urban Areas

7.11 Subtlety in Urban Areas

7.12 Stream Network

7.13 Detailed Drainage Area Delineation Summary

7.13.1 Laying Out a Cross Section

7.13.2 Field Observations

7.13.3 Subareas

7.14 A Final Thought

8 Time of Concentration Estimation

8.1 Definition

8.2 Types of Equations

8.3 Components of Tc

8.4 Overland Flow or Sheet Flow

8.4.1 Overland Flow Equations

8.5 Shallow Concentrated Flow

8.6 Channel Flow

8.7 Estimation of Tc

8.8 Example of Tc Calculations

8.8.1 Example 8.1

8.9 Detailed Tc Estimation

8.10 What Should I Do?

9 Sizing BMPs

9.1 Decisions and Calculations Already Made

9.2 Steps Needed to Complete the Design Process

9.3 Allowable Headwater Depth

9.4 Depth or Elevation versus Storage Relationship

9.5 Inflow Hydrograph Methodology

9.6 Depth or Elevation versus Outflow Relationship

9.7 Routing Methodology

10 Allowable Depths

10.1 Definitions

10.2 Roadways for New or Existing Detention Basins

10.3 Berms for Many BMPs

10.4 Site Characteristics

10.5 Institutional Guidelines

10.6 Land Use

10.7 Return Periods

10.8 Freeboard

10.9 Caution

11 Depth-Storage Relationships

11.1 Definition

11.2 Equations

11.3 Examples

11.3.1 Example 11.1

11.3.2 Example 11.2

11.3.3 Example 11.3

11.3.4 Example 11.4

11.3.5 Example 11.5

11.4 Summary

12 Inflow Hydrographs

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Hydrologic Cycle

12.3 Hydrograph Methods

12.4 Hydrograph Development

12.4.1 Time of Concentration

12.4.2 Runoff Curve Number

12.4.3 Subareas

12.4.4 Hydrograph Variables

12.4.5 Hydrograph Ordinates

12.5 Potential Attenuation of Inflow Hydrographs

12.6 Example 12.1

12.6.1 Times of Concentration

12.6.2 Curve Number

12.6.3 Hydrograph Variables

12.6.4 Hydrograph Ordinates

12.6.5 Attenuation of Inflow Hydrographs

12.7 Example 12.2: Catfish Creek Tributary

12.7.1 Drainage Areas

12.7.2 Soil Types

12.7.3 Antecedent Moisture Condition

12.7.4 Land Uses

12.7.5 Curve Numbers

12.7.6 Times of Concentration and Travel Times

12.7.7 Rainfall

12.7.8 Inflow Hydrographs

12.8 Nuances of the Method

12.8.1 Rainfall

12.8.2 Time of Concentration

12.8.3 Runoff Curve Number

12.8.4 Hydrograph Variables and Ordinates

12.9 Summary

13 Basic Hydraulics

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Conservation of Mass

13.3 Total Energy

13.4 Bernouilli’s Equation

13.5 Specific Energy

13.6 Froude Number

13.7 Manning’s Equation

13.8 Critical Depth

13.9 Normal Depth

13.10 Example 13.1

13.10.1 Critical Depth

13.10.2 Normal Depth

13.10.3 Froude Number

13.10.4 Is This a Hydraulically Mild or Hydraulically Steep Slope?

13.11 Spreadsheets

13.12 Conduit Slope

13.13 Hydraulic Jump

13.14 Friction Loss

13.15 Summary

14 Culvert Hydraulics

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Design Sequence

14.3 Determine AHW

14.3.1 Site Characteristics

14.3.2 Institutional Guidelines

14.4 Estimate Design Flow Rates

14.5 Select Culvert Characteristics

14.6 Location of Control Section

14.6.1 Inlet Control Factors

14.6.2 Outlet Control Factors

14.7 Hydraulic Design

14.8 Determine Critical and Normal Depths

14.9 Inlet Control Charts

14.10 Outlet Control Charts

14.11 Performance Curves

14.12 Outlet Transitions

14.13 Pipe Protective Measures Affecting Culvert Hydraulics

14.14 Summary

15 Riser Structure Design

15.1 Introduction

15.2 A Caution

15.3 Orifices

15.3.1 Area and Gravity

15.3.2 Coefficient of Discharge

15.3.3 Heads on an Orifice

15.4 Weirs

15.4.1 Coefficient of Discharge

15.4.2 Length

15.4.3 Head

15.5 Is a Weir Always a Weir Just as an Orifice Is Always an Orifice?

15.6 Water Quality Outlets

15.7 Examples

15.7.1 Example 15.1: Short, Steep 24-Inch RCP with a 50-Degree V-Notch Weir

15.7.2 Example 15.2: Rectangular Weir in a Riser

15.7.3 Example 15.3: Vertical Perforated Riser

15.7.4 Example 15.4: Riser with Multiple Outlets

15.8 Summary

16 Hydrograph Routing

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Routing Equation

16.3 Routing Curve

16.4 Routing Procedure

16.5 Example 16.1

16.5.1 Description

16.5.2 Inflow Hydrographs

16.5.3 Elevation Storage

16.5.4 Elevation Outflow

16.5.5 Routing Curve

16.5.6 Routing the 2-Year Hydrograph through Catfish Creek Tributary

16.5.7 Routing the 100-Year Hydrograph through Catfish Creek Tributary

16.6 Cost and Summary

Appendices

A: Retrofit for Catfish Creek

A.1 Problem Statement

A.2 Permanent Pond Elevation

A.3 Top of Riser Elevation

A.4 Inflow Hydrographs

A.5 Revised Storage Volumes

A.6 Attenuation of Inflow Hydrographs

A.7 Elevation-Outflow Calculations for the 2-Year Orifice

A.8 Elevation-Outflow Calculations for the Top of Riser

A.9 Total Riser Inflows

A.10 Routing Curve

A.11 Hydrograph Routing for the Water Quality Storm Event

A.12 Hydrograph Routing for the 100-Year Storm Event

A.13 Cost

A.14 Summary

B: Greenroofs

B.1 Definition

B.2 Apartment Building

B.3 Summary

C: Residential Rain Gardens

C.1 Definition

C.2 Introduction

C.3 Description of Rain Garden Example

C.4 Revised Rain Garden Example

D: Vegetated Swale (Bioswale)

D.1 Definition

D.2 Apartment Complex

D.3 Alternative Outlet Structure

E: Parking Lots

E.1 Introduction

E.2 Original Problem Description

E.3 Modified Parking Lot Drainage

E.4 Porous Pavement Parking Lot

E.5 Summary of the Three Alternatives

F: Single-Family Neighborhood

F.1 Introduction

F.2 Traditional Subdivision

F.3 Curvilinear Streets

F.4 Questions Needing to Be Answered

F.5 Answers to These Questions

F.6 Runoff Curve Numbers

F.7 Times of Concentration

F.8 Peak Flow Rate Reductions

F.9 Hydrograph Development

F.10 Basin Elevation-Storage Calculations

F.11 Outflow Structure

F.12 Revised Elevation-Storage Calculations

F.13 Outlet Structure Hydraulics

F.14 Hydrograph Routing through Fig. F.4

F.15 Summary of Appendix F

G: Office Park

G.1 Original Problem Description

G.2 Revised Problem Description

G.3 Rooftops

G.4 Larger Rain Gardens

G.5 Smaller Rain Gardens

G.6 Interior Courtyard and Recreational Area

G.7 Summary

H: Industrial Site

H.1 Introduction

H.2 Roof

H.3 Production Space Roof

H.4 Offices Area Roof

H.5 Bioswale

H.6 Rain Garden

H.7 Porous Concrete Areas

H.8 Summary of the Industrial Site

I: Potential Source Control Best Management Practices

J: Manning’s Roughness Coefficients, n[sup(a)]

K: References

Index